Chinese- REPORT SUMMARY
- TABLE OF CONTENTS
-
This report elaborates on the current development of the Alcopop industry thoroughly based on the international market dynamics and China's market situation.
For a start, the report provides an in-depth analysis of the current market situation through three different aspects - by region, by type and by application, which includes market distribution of different types and applications, import and export analysis of major regions, development trends of different types of products in each region, market opportunities and market restrains of different applications.
Secondly, this report lists the major players in the industry, displaying their market positions along with the strengths and weaknesses of their products, picturing the current competitive situation of the whole market.
Last but not least, the report analyzes and predicts the investment prospects and risks in the industry on the basis of industry data, combined with experts' opinions and suggestions.
Please note that the figures and tables shown in the sample are just for the purpose of demonstration, which may differ from those in the final report.
Competitive Landscape:
Diageo
Anheuser-Busch
Brown-Forman
Miller Brewing Company
Beam Suntory
Bass Brewery
Bacardi
Region:
-
China
-
North America
-
Europe
-
APAC
-
Latin America, Middle East and Africa
Type:
Beer
Whiskey
Rum
Scotch-whiskey
Vodka
Others
Application:
Store Based
Non-store Based
Table of Content
Chapter 1 Industry Overview & Development Status in Global and China Market
-
1.1 Alcopop Industry Overview
-
1.1.1 Alcopop Market Scope and Market Segments
-
1.1.2 Alcopop Industry Characteristics
-
1.1.3 Global and China Alcopop Sales Volume and Growth Rate (2017-2028)
-
1.1.4 Global and China Alcopop Production Value and Growth Rate (2017-2028)
-
1.2 Global Alcopop Market Size and Growth Rate by Type (2017-2028)
-
1.2.1 Beer
-
1.2.2 Whiskey
-
1.2.3 Rum
-
1.2.4 Scotch-whiskey
-
1.2.5 Vodka
-
1.2.6 Others
-
1.3 Global Alcopop Market Size and Growth Rate by Application (2017-2028)
-
1.3.1 Store Based
-
1.3.2 Non-store Based
-
1.4 Market Analysis by Region
-
1.4.1 North America Alcopop Consumption Market Size and Growth Rate (2017-2028)
-
1.4.2 Europe Alcopop Consumption Market Size and Growth Rate (2017-2028)
-
1.4.3 APAC Alcopop Consumption Market Size and Growth Rate (2017-2028)
-
1.4.4 Latin America, Middle East and Africa Alcopop Consumption Market Size and Growth Rate (2017-2028)
-
1.5 Global Alcopop Sales Volume, Price, Sales Value, Gross and Gross Margin (2017-2028)
-
1.5.1 Global Alcopop Sales Volume, Price, Sales Value, Gross and Gross Margin (2017-2028)
-
1.6 China Alcopop Sales Volume, Price, Sales Value (2017-2028)
-
1.6.1 China Alcopop Sales Volume, Price, Sales Value (2017-2028)
Chapter 2 Global Alcopop Market Trends and Competitive Landscape
-
2.1 Market Trends and Dynamics
-
2.1.1 Challenges and Restraints
-
2.1.2 Opportunities and Potentialities
-
2.1.3 Mergers and Acquisitions
-
2.2 Competitive Landscape
-
2.2.1 Market Concentration Rate Analysis
-
2.2.2 Alcopop Industry Porter's Five Forces Model Analysis
-
2.2.3 Alcopop Industry PEST Analysis
-
2.3 Alcopop Industry Chain Analysis
-
2.3.1 Raw Material Supplies
-
2.3.2 Alcopop Downstream Market Analysis
-
2.3.3 Upstream and Downstream Impacts on Alcopop Industry
Chapter 3 Global and China Alcopop Market, by Manufacturer
-
3.1 Global and China Alcopop Sales Volume, Sales Value and Market Share, by Manufacturer (2021&2022)
-
3.1.1 Global and China Alcopop Sales Volume, by Manufacturer (2021&2022)
-
3.1.2 Global and China Alcopop Sales Value, by Manufacturer (2021&2022)
-
3.1.3 Global and China Alcopop Market Share, by Manufacturer (2021&2022)
-
3.2 SWOT Analysis on Global and China Alcopop Market Top 3 Players
Chapter 4 Global and China Alcopop Market, by Type (2017-2028)
-
4.1 Alcopop Market Trend, by Type
-
4.2 Global Alcopop Sales Volume, Sales Value, Market Share and Price Trend, by Type
-
4.2.1 Global Alcopop Sales Volume and Market Share, by Type (2017-2028)
-
4.2.2 Global Alcopop Sales Value and Market Share, by Type (2017-2028)
-
4.2.3 Global Alcopop Price Trend, by Type (2017-2028)
-
4.3 China Alcopop Sales Volume, Sales Value, Market Share and Price Trend, by Type
-
4.3.1 China Alcopop Sales Volume and Market Share, by Type (2017-2028)
-
4.3.2 China Alcopop Sales Value and Market Share, by Type (2017-2028)
-
4.3.3 China Alcopop Price Trend, by Type (2017-2028)
Chapter 5 Global and China Alcopop Market, by Application (2017-2028)
-
5.1 Downstream Market Overview
-
5.2 Global Alcopop Sales Volume, Sales Value and Market Share, by Application
-
5.2.1 Global Alcopop Sales Volume and Market Share, by Application (2017-2028)
-
5.2.2 Global Alcopop Sales Value and Market Share, by Application (2017-2028)
-
5.3 China Alcopop Sales Volume, Sales Value and Market Share, by Application
-
5.3.1 China Alcopop Sales Volume and Market Share, by Application (2017-2028)
-
5.3.2 China Alcopop Sales Value and Market Share, by Application (2017-2028)
Chapter 6 Global Alcopop Production, Import, Consumption and Export, by Region (2017-2022)
-
6.1 China Alcopop Production, Import, Consumption and Export (2017-2022)
-
6.2 North America Alcopop Production, Import, Consumption and Export (2017-2022)
-
6.3 Europe Alcopop Production, Import, Consumption and Export (2017-2022)
-
6.4 APAC Alcopop Production, Import, Consumption and Export (2017-2022)
-
6.5 Latin America, Middle East and Africa Alcopop Production, Import, Consumption and Export (2017-2022)
Chapter 7 North America Alcopop Market Analysis
-
7.1 North America Alcopop Market, by Type
-
7.2 North America Alcopop Market, by Application
-
7.3 North America Alcopop Market Analysis and Forecast, by Country
-
7.3.1 United States Alcopop Sales Volume, Sales Value and Growth Rate (2017-2028)
-
7.3.2 Canada Alcopop Sales Volume, Sales Value and Growth Rate (2017-2028)
-
7.3.3 Mexico Alcopop Sales Volume, Sales Value and Growth Rate (2017-2028)
Chapter 8 Europe Alcopop Market Analysis
-
8.1 Europe Alcopop Market, by Type
-
8.2 Europe Alcopop Market, by Application
-
8.3 Europe Alcopop Market Analysis and Forecast, by Country
-
8.3.1 Germany Alcopop Sales Volume, Sales Value and Growth Rate (2017-2028)
-
8.3.2 UK Alcopop Sales Volume, Sales Value and Growth Rate (2017-2028)
-
8.3.3 France Alcopop Sales Volume, Sales Value and Growth Rate (2017-2028)
-
8.3.4 Italy Alcopop Sales Volume, Sales Value and Growth Rate (2017-2028)
-
8.3.5 Nordic Countries Alcopop Sales Volume, Sales Value and Growth Rate (2017-2028)
-
8.3.6 Spain Alcopop Sales Volume, Sales Value and Growth Rate (2017-2028)
-
8.3.7 Belgium Alcopop Sales Volume, Sales Value and Growth Rate (2017-2028)
-
8.3.8 Poland Alcopop Sales Volume, Sales Value and Growth Rate (2017-2028)
-
8.3.9 Russia Alcopop Sales Volume, Sales Value and Growth Rate (2017-2028)
-
8.3.10 Turkey Alcopop Sales Volume, Sales Value and Growth Rate (2017-2028)
Chapter 9 APAC Alcopop Market Analysis
-
9.1 APAC Alcopop Market, by Type
-
9.2 APAC Alcopop Market, by Application
-
9.3 APAC Alcopop Market Analysis and Forecast, by Country
-
9.3.1 China Alcopop Sales Volume, Sales Value and Growth Rate (2017-2028)
-
9.3.2 Japan Alcopop Sales Volume, Sales Value and Growth Rate (2017-2028)
-
9.3.3 Australia and New Zealand Alcopop Sales Volume, Sales Value and Growth Rate (2017-2028)
-
9.3.4 India Alcopop Sales Volume, Sales Value and Growth Rate (2017-2028)
-
9.3.5 ASEAN Countries Alcopop Sales Volume, Sales Value and Growth Rate (2017-2028)
-
9.3.6 South Korea Alcopop Sales Volume, Sales Value and Growth Rate (2017-2028)
Chapter 10 Latin America, Middle East and Africa Alcopop Market Analysis
-
10.1 Latin America, Middle East and Africa Alcopop Market, by Type
-
10.2 Latin America, Middle East and Africa Alcopop Market, by Application
-
10.3 Latin America, Middle East and Africa Alcopop Market Analysis and Forecast, by Country
-
10.3.1 GCC Countries Alcopop Sales Volume, Sales Value and Growth Rate (2017-2028)
-
10.3.2 Brazil Alcopop Sales Volume, Sales Value and Growth Rate (2017-2028)
-
10.3.3 Nigeria Alcopop Sales Volume, Sales Value and Growth Rate (2017-2028)
-
10.3.4 South Africa Alcopop Sales Volume, Sales Value and Growth Rate (2017-2028)
-
10.3.5 Argentina Alcopop Sales Volume, Sales Value and Growth Rate (2017-2028)
Chapter 11 Global and China Alcopop Company Profiles
-
11.1 Diageo
-
11.1.1 Diageo Basic Information, Plants Distribution, Sales Region, Competitors and Market Position
-
11.1.2 Diageo Alcopop Product Profiles, Application and Specification
-
11.1.3 Diageo Alcopop Sales Volume, Revenue, Price, Gross and Gross Margin (2017-2022)
-
11.2 Anheuser-Busch
-
11.2.1 Anheuser-Busch Basic Information, Plants Distribution, Sales Region, Competitors and Market Position
-
11.2.2 Anheuser-Busch Alcopop Product Profiles, Application and Specification
-
11.2.3 Anheuser-Busch Alcopop Sales Volume, Revenue, Price, Gross and Gross Margin (2017-2022)
-
11.3 Brown-Forman
-
11.3.1 Brown-Forman Basic Information, Plants Distribution, Sales Region, Competitors and Market Position
-
11.3.2 Brown-Forman Alcopop Product Profiles, Application and Specification
-
11.3.3 Brown-Forman Alcopop Sales Volume, Revenue, Price, Gross and Gross Margin (2017-2022)
-
11.4 Miller Brewing Company
-
11.4.1 Miller Brewing Company Basic Information, Plants Distribution, Sales Region, Competitors and Market Position
-
11.4.2 Miller Brewing Company Alcopop Product Profiles, Application and Specification
-
11.4.3 Miller Brewing Company Alcopop Sales Volume, Revenue, Price, Gross and Gross Margin (2017-2022)
-
11.5 Beam Suntory
-
11.5.1 Beam Suntory Basic Information, Plants Distribution, Sales Region, Competitors and Market Position
-
11.5.2 Beam Suntory Alcopop Product Profiles, Application and Specification
-
11.5.3 Beam Suntory Alcopop Sales Volume, Revenue, Price, Gross and Gross Margin (2017-2022)
-
11.6 Bass Brewery
-
11.6.1 Bass Brewery Basic Information, Plants Distribution, Sales Region, Competitors and Market Position
-
11.6.2 Bass Brewery Alcopop Product Profiles, Application and Specification
-
11.6.3 Bass Brewery Alcopop Sales Volume, Revenue, Price, Gross and Gross Margin (2017-2022)
-
11.7 Bacardi
-
11.7.1 Bacardi Basic Information, Plants Distribution, Sales Region, Competitors and Market Position
-
11.7.2 Bacardi Alcopop Product Profiles, Application and Specification
-
11.7.3 Bacardi Alcopop Sales Volume, Revenue, Price, Gross and Gross Margin (2017-2022)
Chapter 12 Alcopop Industry Investment Prospect and Risk Assessment
-
12.1 Alcopop Industry Investment Prospect Assessment
-
12.1.1 Investment Opportunities in Segmented Markets
-
12.1.2 Investment Opportunities in Regional Markets
-
12.1.3 Investment Opportunities in Subdivided Industries
-
12.2 Alcopop Industry Investment Risk Assessment
-
12.2.1 Competitive Risk Analysis
-
12.2.2 Technology Risk Analysis
-
12.2.3 Policies and Enterprise System Risk Analysis
List of Tables and Figures
-
Figure Global Alcopop Sales Volume and Growth Rate (2017-2028)
-
Figure China Alcopop Sales Volume and Growth Rate (2017-2028)
-
Figure Global Alcopop Production Value and Growth Rate (2017-2028)
-
Figure China Alcopop Production Value and Growth Rate (2017-2028)
-
Figure Global Alcopop Market Size and Growth Rate of Beer (2017-2028)
-
Figure Global Alcopop Market Size and Growth Rate of Whiskey (2017-2028)
-
Figure Global Alcopop Market Size and Growth Rate of Rum (2017-2028)
-
Figure Global Alcopop Market Size and Growth Rate of Scotch-whiskey (2017-2028)
-
Figure Global Alcopop Market Size and Growth Rate of Vodka (2017-2028)
-
Figure Global Alcopop Market Size and Growth Rate of Others (2017-2028)
-
Figure Global Alcopop Market Size and Growth Rate of Store Based (2017-2028)
-
Figure Global Alcopop Market Size and Growth Rate of Non-store Based (2017-2028)
-
Figure North America Alcopop Consumption Market Size and Growth Rate (2017-2028)
-
Figure Europe Alcopop Consumption Market Size and Growth Rate (2017-2028)
-
Figure APAC Alcopop Consumption Market Size and Growth Rate (2017-2028)
-
Figure Latin America, Middle East and Africa Alcopop Consumption Market Size and Growth Rate (2017-2028)
-
Figure Global Alcopop Sales Volume, Price, Sales Value, Gross and Gross Margin (2017-2028)
-
Figure China Alcopop Sales Volume, Price, Sales Value (2017-2028)
-
Figure Porter's Five Forces Model Analysis
-
Figure Industry PEST Analysis
-
Table Global and China Alcopop Sales Volume, by Manufacturer (2021&2022)
-
Table Global and China Alcopop Sales Value, by Manufacturer (2021&2022)
-
Table Global and China Alcopop Market Share, by Manufacturer (2021&2022)
-
Figure Global and China Alcopop Market Share, by Manufacturer in 2021
-
Figure Global and China Alcopop Market Share, by Manufacturer in 2022
-
Table Global Alcopop Sales Volume, by Type (2017-2028)
-
Table Global Alcopop Sales Volume Share, by Type (2017-2028)
-
Figure Global Alcopop Sales Volume Share, by Type (2017-2028)
-
Table Global Alcopop Sales Value, by Type (2017-2028)
-
Table Global Alcopop Sales Value Share, by Type (2017-2028)
-
Figure Global Alcopop Price Trend, by Type (2017-2028)
-
Table China Alcopop Sales Volume, by Type (2017-2028)
-
Table China Alcopop Sales Volume Share, by Type (2017-2028)
-
Figure China Alcopop Sales Volume Share, by Type (2017-2028)
-
Table China Alcopop Sales Value, by Type (2017-2028)
-
Table China Alcopop Sales Value Share, by Type (2017-2028)
-
Figure China Alcopop Price Trend, by Type (2017-2028)
-
Table Global Alcopop Sales Volume, by Application (2017-2028)
-
Table Global Alcopop Sales Volume Share, by Application (2017-2028)
-
Figure Global Alcopop Sales Volume Share, by Application (2017-2028)
-
Table Global Alcopop Sales Value, by Application (2017-2028)
-
Table Global Alcopop Sales Value Share, by Application (2017-2028)
-
Figure Global Alcopop Sales Value Share, by Application (2017-2028)
-
Table China Alcopop Sales Volume, by Application (2017-2028)
-
Table China Alcopop Sales Volume Share, by Application (2017-2028)
-
Figure China Alcopop Sales Volume Share, by Application (2017-2028)
-
Table China Alcopop Sales Value, by Application (2017-2028)
-
Table China Alcopop Sales Value Share, by Application (2017-2028)
-
Figure China Alcopop Sales Value Share, by Application (2017-2028)
-
Figure China Alcopop Production, Import, Consumption and Export (2017-2022)
-
Figure North America Alcopop Production, Import, Consumption and Export (2017-2022)
-
Figure Europe Alcopop Production, Import, Consumption and Export (2017-2022)
-
Figure APAC Alcopop Production, Import, Consumption and Export (2017-2022)
-
Figure Latin America, Middle East and Africa Alcopop Production, Import, Consumption and Export (2017-2022)
-
Table North America Alcopop Sales Volume, by Type (2017-2028)
-
Table North America Alcopop Sales Volume Share, by Type (2017-2028)
-
Figure North America Alcopop Sales Volume Share, by Type (2017-2028)
-
Table North America Alcopop Sales Volume, by Application (2017-2028)
-
Table North America Alcopop Sales Volume Share, by Application (2017-2028)
-
Figure North America Alcopop Sales Volume Share, by Application (2017-2028)
-
Figure United States Alcopop Sales Volume and Growth Rate (2017-2028)
-
Figure United States Alcopop Sales Value and Growth Rate (2017-2028)
-
Figure Canada Alcopop Sales Volume and Growth Rate (2017-2028)
-
Figure Canada Alcopop Sales Value and Growth Rate (2017-2028)
-
Figure Mexico Alcopop Sales Volume and Growth Rate (2017-2028)
-
Figure Mexico Alcopop Sales Value and Growth Rate (2017-2028)
-
Table Europe Alcopop Sales Volume, by Type (2017-2028)
-
Table Europe Alcopop Sales Volume Share, by Type (2017-2028)
-
Figure Europe Alcopop Sales Volume Share, by Type (2017-2028)
-
Table Europe Alcopop Sales Volume, by Application (2017-2028)
-
Table Europe Alcopop Sales Volume Share, by Application (2017-2028)
-
Figure Europe Alcopop Sales Volume Share, by Application (2017-2028)
-
Figure Germany Alcopop Sales Volume and Growth Rate (2017-2028)
-
Figure Germany Alcopop Sales Value and Growth Rate (2017-2028)
-
Figure UK Alcopop Sales Volume and Growth Rate (2017-2028)
-
Figure UK Alcopop Sales Value and Growth Rate (2017-2028)
-
Figure France Alcopop Sales Volume and Growth Rate (2017-2028)
-
Figure France Alcopop Sales Value and Growth Rate (2017-2028)
-
Figure Italy Alcopop Sales Volume and Growth Rate (2017-2028)
-
Figure Italy Alcopop Sales Value and Growth Rate (2017-2028)
-
Figure Nordic Countries Alcopop Sales Volume and Growth Rate (2017-2028)
-
Figure Nordic Countries Alcopop Sales Value and Growth Rate (2017-2028)
-
Figure Spain Alcopop Sales Volume and Growth Rate (2017-2028)
-
Figure Spain Alcopop Sales Value and Growth Rate (2017-2028)
-
Figure Belgium Alcopop Sales Volume and Growth Rate (2017-2028)
-
Figure Belgium Alcopop Sales Value and Growth Rate (2017-2028)
-
Figure Poland Alcopop Sales Volume and Growth Rate (2017-2028)
-
Figure Poland Alcopop Sales Value and Growth Rate (2017-2028)
-
Figure Russia Alcopop Sales Volume and Growth Rate (2017-2028)
-
Figure Russia Alcopop Sales Value and Growth Rate (2017-2028)
-
Figure Turkey Alcopop Sales Volume and Growth Rate (2017-2028)
-
Figure Turkey Alcopop Sales Value and Growth Rate (2017-2028)
-
Table APAC Alcopop Sales Volume, by Type (2017-2028)
-
Table APAC Alcopop Sales Volume Share, by Type (2017-2028)
-
Figure APAC Alcopop Sales Volume Share, by Type (2017-2028)
-
Table APAC Alcopop Sales Volume, by Application (2017-2028)
-
Table APAC Alcopop Sales Volume Share, by Application (2017-2028)
-
Figure APAC Alcopop Sales Volume Share, by Application (2017-2028)
-
Figure China Alcopop Sales Volume and Growth Rate (2017-2028)
-
Figure China Alcopop Sales Value and Growth Rate (2017-2028)
-
Figure Japan Alcopop Sales Volume and Growth Rate (2017-2028)
-
Figure Japan Alcopop Sales Value and Growth Rate (2017-2028)
-
Figure Australia and New Zealand Alcopop Sales Volume and Growth Rate (2017-2028)
-
Figure Australia and New Zealand Alcopop Sales Value and Growth Rate (2017-2028)
-
Figure India Alcopop Sales Volume and Growth Rate (2017-2028)
-
Figure India Alcopop Sales Value and Growth Rate (2017-2028)
-
Figure ASEAN Countries Alcopop Sales Volume and Growth Rate (2017-2028)
-
Figure ASEAN Countries Alcopop Sales Value and Growth Rate (2017-2028)
-
Figure South Korea Alcopop Sales Volume and Growth Rate (2017-2028)
-
Figure South Korea Alcopop Sales Value and Growth Rate (2017-2028)
-
Table Latin America, Middle East and Africa Alcopop Sales Volume, by Type (2017-2028)
-
Table Latin America, Middle East and Africa Alcopop Sales Volume Share, by Type (2017-2028)
-
Figure Latin America, Middle East and Africa Alcopop Sales Volume Share, by Type (2017-2028)
-
Table Latin America, Middle East and Africa Alcopop Sales Volume, by Application (2017-2028)
-
Table Latin America, Middle East and Africa Alcopop Sales Volume Share, by Application (2017-2028)
-
Figure Latin America, Middle East and Africa Alcopop Sales Volume Share, by Application (2017-2028)
-
Figure GCC Countries Alcopop Sales Volume and Growth Rate (2017-2028)
-
Figure GCC Countries Alcopop Sales Value and Growth Rate (2017-2028)
-
Figure Brazil Alcopop Sales Volume and Growth Rate (2017-2028)
-
Figure Brazil Alcopop Sales Value and Growth Rate (2017-2028)
-
Figure Nigeria Alcopop Sales Volume and Growth Rate (2017-2028)
-
Figure Nigeria Alcopop Sales Value and Growth Rate (2017-2028)
-
Figure South Africa Alcopop Sales Volume and Growth Rate (2017-2028)
-
Figure South Africa Alcopop Sales Value and Growth Rate (2017-2028)
-
Figure Argentina Alcopop Sales Volume and Growth Rate (2017-2028)
-
Figure Argentina Alcopop Sales Value and Growth Rate (2017-2028)
-
Table Diageo Basic Information, Plants Distribution, Sales Region, Competitors and Market Position
-
Table Diageo Product Profiles, Application and Specification
-
Table Diageo Alcopop Sales Volume, Revenue, Price, Gross and Gross Margin (2017-2022)
-
Table Anheuser-Busch Basic Information, Plants Distribution, Sales Region, Competitors and Market Position
-
Table Anheuser-Busch Product Profiles, Application and Specification
-
Table Anheuser-Busch Alcopop Sales Volume, Revenue, Price, Gross and Gross Margin (2017-2022)
-
Table Brown-Forman Basic Information, Plants Distribution, Sales Region, Competitors and Market Position
-
Table Brown-Forman Product Profiles, Application and Specification
-
Table Brown-Forman Alcopop Sales Volume, Revenue, Price, Gross and Gross Margin (2017-2022)
-
Table Miller Brewing Company Basic Information, Plants Distribution, Sales Region, Competitors and Market Position
-
Table Miller Brewing Company Product Profiles, Application and Specification
-
Table Miller Brewing Company Alcopop Sales Volume, Revenue, Price, Gross and Gross Margin (2017-2022)
-
Table Beam Suntory Basic Information, Plants Distribution, Sales Region, Competitors and Market Position
-
Table Beam Suntory Product Profiles, Application and Specification
-
Table Beam Suntory Alcopop Sales Volume, Revenue, Price, Gross and Gross Margin (2017-2022)
-
Table Bass Brewery Basic Information, Plants Distribution, Sales Region, Competitors and Market Position
-
Table Bass Brewery Product Profiles, Application and Specification
-
Table Bass Brewery Alcopop Sales Volume, Revenue, Price, Gross and Gross Margin (2017-2022)
-
Table Bacardi Basic Information, Plants Distribution, Sales Region, Competitors and Market Position
-
Table Bacardi Product Profiles, Application and Specification
-
Table Bacardi Alcopop Sales Volume, Revenue, Price, Gross and Gross Margin (2017-2022)
-
