- REPORT SUMMARY
- TABLE OF CONTENTS
-
This study focuses on the production side and consumption side of Acetaldehyde, presents the global Acetaldehyde market size by manufacturers, regions, type and application, history breakdown data from 2013 to 2018, and forecast to 2025. In terms of production side, this report researches the Acetaldehyde capacity, production, value, ex-factory price, growth rate, market share for major manufacturers, regions (or countries) and product type. In terms of consumption side, this report focuses on the consumption of Acetaldehyde by regions and application. The key regions like North America, Europe, Asia-Pacific, Central & South America, Middle East and Africa etc. Acetaldehyde (systematically ethanal) is an organic chemical compound with the formula CH3CHO or MeCHO. It is one of the most important aldehydes, occurring widely in nature and being produced on a large scale industrially. Acetaldehyde occurs naturally in coffee, bread, and ripe fruit, and is produced by plants as part of their normal metabolism. It is also produced by oxidation of ethanol. First, the global Acetaldehyde market is concentrated: Celanese, Eastman, Showa Denko, CNPC and Sinopec are the leading players in this market. For example, Celanese is the biggest supplier in Europe, and Eastman is the only supplier in United States. Second, the global market for acetaldehyde has been in mature status for the past twenty years. Rigid decrease of Acetaldehyde capacity had been witnessed from 1990 to 2000, but the market change became modest ever since. In recent years, slight decrease of production has happened in Acetaldehyde industry, as the reduction of Acetic acid produced by Acetaldehyde method. However, for the coming years, the Acetaldehyde market would be increase due to the rigid demand of downstream products like Pentaerythritol. Third, the most prevalent processes of Acetaldehyde Manufacturing are oxidation of Ethylene method and Ethyl Alcohol method (Oxidation and dehydrogenation). Ethylene method has been used for many years to produce Acetic acid. However, Ethyl Alcohol method has been used increasingly, especially in Europe and India. It is estimated that Ethyl Alcohol method would be the dominate process of Acetaldehyde in the future. Fourth, the import and export business of this industry is not frequent. Most products are digested in domestic market rather than export to other region, since Acetaldehyde is a very toxic substance and might cause cancer even contacted for a short while. Fifth, Acetic acid facilities based on Acetaldehyde continue to operate in Asia and South America, although these will eventually be phased out in favor of methanol carbonylation. Pyridine, pentaerythritol, and acetate esters are the most promising applications of Acetaldehyde industry. Sixth, this industry is affected by the economy and policy, so it’s important to put an eye to economic indexes and leaders’ prefer. With the global economic recovery, more and more people pay attention to rising environment standards, especially in underdevelopment regions that have a large population and fast economic growth, the need of Acetaldehyde will increase. Seventh, we tend to believe this industry now is close to mature, and the consumption increasing degree will show a smooth curve. On product prices, the slow downward trend in recent years will maintain in the future, as competition intensifies, prices gap between different brands will go narrowing. Similarly, there will be fluctuation in gross margin.The Acetaldehyde market was valued at 1660 Million US$ in 2017 and is projected to reach 1460 Million US$ by 2025, at a CAGR of -1.6% during the forecast period. In this study, 2017 has been considered as the base year and 2018 to 2025 as the forecast period to estimate the market size for Acetaldehyde.
This report elaborates on the current development of the Acetaldehyde industry thoroughly based on the international market dynamics and China's market situation.
For a start, the report provides an in-depth analysis of the current market situation through three different aspects - by region, by type and by application, which includes market distribution of different types and applications, import and export analysis of major regions, development trends of different types of products in each region, market opportunities and market restrains of different applications.
Secondly, this report lists the major players in the industry, displaying their market positions and strengths and weaknesses of their products, picturing the current competitive situation of the whole market.
Last but not least, the report analyzes and predicts the investment prospects and risks in the industry on the basis of industry data, combined with experts' opinions and suggestions.
By Player:
Celanese Corporation
Shijiazhuang Xinyu Sanyang Industry
Hubei Yihua
Sanmu
Yuntianhua
Ashok Alco - chem Limited
SEKAB
CNPC
Sinopec
Eastman Chemical Company
Laxmi Organic Industries Ltd
Shandong Hongda
Jubilant
Sumitomo Chemical Co, Ltd
Showa Denko KK
LCY GROUP
Shandong Kunda Biotechnology
Jinyimeng Group
By Type:
Ethylene Type
Ethanol Type
By Application:
Pentaerythritol
Pyridines
Acetate esters
Acetic acid
Others
By Research Region:
-
North China
-
Central China
-
South China
-
East China
-
Northeast China
-
Southwest China
-
Northwest China
TABLE OF CONTENT
Chapter 1 China Acetaldehyde Market Overview 2018-2029
-
1.1 China Acetaldehyde Industry Development Overview
-
1.2 China Acetaldehyde Industry Development History
-
1.3 China Acetaldehyde Industry Market Size (2018-2029)
-
1.4 China Acetaldehyde Market Analysis by Type from Production Side
-
1.4.1 China Acetaldehyde Production Volume, Production Value and Growth Rate of Ethylene Type (2018-2029)
-
1.4.2 China Acetaldehyde Production Volume, Production Value and Growth Rate of Ethanol Type (2018-2029)
-
1.5 China Acetaldehyde Market Analysis by Application from Consumption End
-
1.5.1 China Acetaldehyde Sales Volume, Sales Value and Growth Rate of Pentaerythritol (2018-2029)
-
1.5.2 China Acetaldehyde Sales Volume, Sales Value and Growth Rate of Pyridines (2018-2029)
-
1.5.3 China Acetaldehyde Sales Volume, Sales Value and Growth Rate of Acetate esters (2018-2029)
-
1.5.4 China Acetaldehyde Sales Volume, Sales Value and Growth Rate of Acetic acid (2018-2029)
-
1.5.5 China Acetaldehyde Sales Volume, Sales Value and Growth Rate of Others (2018-2029)
-
1.6 China Acetaldehyde Market Analysis by Region
-
1.6.1 North China Acetaldehyde Market Size and Growth Rate from 2018-2029
-
1.6.2 Central China Acetaldehyde Market Size and Growth Rate from 2018-2029
-
1.6.3 South China Acetaldehyde Market Size and Growth Rate from 2018-2029
-
1.6.4 East China Acetaldehyde Market Size and Growth Rate from 2018-2029
-
1.6.5 Northeast China Acetaldehyde Market Size and Growth Rate from 2018-2029
-
1.6.6 Southwest China Acetaldehyde Market Size and Growth Rate from 2018-2029
-
1.6.7 Northwest China Acetaldehyde Market Size and Growth Rate from 2018-2029
Chapter 2 China Acetaldehyde Industry Development Environment
-
2.1 Industry Development Environment Analysis
-
2.1.1 Industry Technological Progress Analysis
-
2.1.2 Industrial Organizational Innovation Analysis
-
2.1.3 Changes in Social Habits
-
2.1.4 Alterations in Government Policies
-
2.1.5 Impact of Economic Globalization
-
2.2 Domestic and Foreign Industry Competition Analysis
-
2.2.1 Comparative Analysis on Acetaldehyde Market Status and Competition at home and abroad in 2023
-
2.2.2 China Acetaldehyde Market Status and Competition Analysis in 2023
-
2.2.3 China Acetaldehyde Market Concentration Analysis in 2023
-
2.3 Problems and Countermeasures in the development of China Acetaldehyde Industry
-
2.3.1 Industry Development Constraints
-
2.3.2 Industry Development Considerations
-
2.3.3 Suggestions on Industry Development Measures
-
2.3.4 Development Strategies for SMEs
-
2.4 Influence of COVID-19 Outbreak on Acetaldehyde Industry Development
Chapter 3 AcetaldehydeIndustry Chain Analysis
-
3.1 Acetaldehyde Industry Chain
-
3.2 Acetaldehyde Upstream Industry Analysis
-
3.2.1 Upstream Industry Development Status
-
3.2.2 Upstream Industry Development Forecast
-
3.2.3 Impact of Upstream Industry on the Acetaldehyde Market
-
3.3 Acetaldehyde Downstream Industry Analysis
-
3.3.1 Downstream Industry Development Status
-
3.3.2 Downstream Industry Development Forecast
-
3.3.3 Impact of Downstream Industry on the Acetaldehyde Market
Chapter 4 China Acetaldehyde Market, by Type
-
4.1 China Acetaldehyde Market Trend, by Type
-
4.2 Product Types of Major Suppliers
-
4.3 Competitive Landscape of Major Types
-
4.4 China Acetaldehyde Total Production Volume and Growth Rate from Production Side
-
4.5 China Acetaldehyde Production Volume and Growth Rate, by Type
-
4.5.1 China Acetaldehyde Production Volume and Growth Rate of Ethylene Type
-
4.5.2 China Acetaldehyde Production Volume and Growth Rate of Ethanol Type
Chapter 5 China Acetaldehyde Market, by Application
-
5.1 Downstream Market Overview
-
5.2 Competitive Landscape of Major Applications
-
5.3 Market Potential Analysis, by Application
-
5.4 China Acetaldehyde Total Market Size and Growth Rate from Consumption End
-
5.5 China Acetaldehyde Market Size and Growth Rate, by Application
-
5.5.1 China Acetaldehyde Market Size and Growth Rate of Pentaerythritol
-
5.5.2 China Acetaldehyde Market Size and Growth Rate of Pyridines
-
5.5.3 China Acetaldehyde Market Size and Growth Rate of Acetate esters
-
5.5.4 China Acetaldehyde Market Size and Growth Rate of Acetic acid
-
5.5.5 China Acetaldehyde Market Size and Growth Rate of Others
Chapter 6 China Acetaldehyde Market, by Region
-
6.1 China Acetaldehyde Production Volume and Production Value, by Region
-
6.2 China Acetaldehyde Sales Volume and Sales Value, by Region
Chapter 7 North China Acetaldehyde Market Analysis
-
7.1 North China Acetaldehyde Market, by Type
-
7.2 North China Acetaldehyde Market, by Application
Chapter 8 Central China Acetaldehyde Market Analysis
-
8.1 Central China Acetaldehyde Market, by Type
-
8.2 Central China Acetaldehyde Market, by Application
Chapter 9 South China Acetaldehyde Market Analysis
-
9.1 South China Acetaldehyde Market, by Type
-
9.2 South China Acetaldehyde Market, by Application
Chapter 10 East China Acetaldehyde Market Analysis
-
10.1 East China Acetaldehyde Market, by Type
-
10.2 East China Acetaldehyde Market, by Application
Chapter 11 Northeast China Acetaldehyde Market Analysis
-
11.1 Northeast China Acetaldehyde Market, by Type
-
11.2 Northeast China Acetaldehyde Market, by Application
Chapter 12 Southwest China Acetaldehyde Market Analysis
-
12.1 Southwest China Acetaldehyde Market, by Type
-
12.2 Southwest China Acetaldehyde Market, by Application
Chapter 13 Northwest China Acetaldehyde Market Analysis
-
13.1 Northwest China Acetaldehyde Market, by Type
-
13.2 Northwest China Acetaldehyde Market, by Application
Chapter 14 Company Profiles
-
14.1 Celanese Corporation
-
14.1.1 Celanese Corporation Company Profile
-
14.1.2 Celanese Corporation Acetaldehyde Market Performance
-
14.1.3 Product&Service Introduction
-
14.2 Shijiazhuang Xinyu Sanyang Industry
-
14.2.1 Shijiazhuang Xinyu Sanyang Industry Company Profile
-
14.2.2 Shijiazhuang Xinyu Sanyang Industry Acetaldehyde Market Performance
-
14.2.3 Product&Service Introduction
-
14.3 Hubei Yihua
-
14.3.1 Hubei Yihua Company Profile
-
14.3.2 Hubei Yihua Acetaldehyde Market Performance
-
14.3.3 Product&Service Introduction
-
14.4 Sanmu
-
14.4.1 Sanmu Company Profile
-
14.4.2 Sanmu Acetaldehyde Market Performance
-
14.4.3 Product&Service Introduction
-
14.5 Yuntianhua
-
14.5.1 Yuntianhua Company Profile
-
14.5.2 Yuntianhua Acetaldehyde Market Performance
-
14.5.3 Product&Service Introduction
-
14.6 Ashok Alco - chem Limited
-
14.6.1 Ashok Alco - chem Limited Company Profile
-
14.6.2 Ashok Alco - chem Limited Acetaldehyde Market Performance
-
14.6.3 Product&Service Introduction
-
14.7 SEKAB
-
14.7.1 SEKAB Company Profile
-
14.7.2 SEKAB Acetaldehyde Market Performance
-
14.7.3 Product&Service Introduction
-
14.8 CNPC
-
14.8.1 CNPC Company Profile
-
14.8.2 CNPC Acetaldehyde Market Performance
-
14.8.3 Product&Service Introduction
-
14.9 Sinopec
-
14.9.1 Sinopec Company Profile
-
14.9.2 Sinopec Acetaldehyde Market Performance
-
14.9.3 Product&Service Introduction
-
14.10 Eastman Chemical Company
-
14.10.1 Eastman Chemical Company Company Profile
-
14.10.2 Eastman Chemical Company Acetaldehyde Market Performance
-
14.10.3 Product&Service Introduction
-
14.11 Laxmi Organic Industries Ltd
-
14.11.1 Laxmi Organic Industries Ltd Company Profile
-
14.11.2 Laxmi Organic Industries Ltd Acetaldehyde Market Performance
-
14.11.3 Product&Service Introduction
-
14.12 Shandong Hongda
-
14.12.1 Shandong Hongda Company Profile
-
14.12.2 Shandong Hongda Acetaldehyde Market Performance
-
14.12.3 Product&Service Introduction
-
14.13 Jubilant
-
14.13.1 Jubilant Company Profile
-
14.13.2 Jubilant Acetaldehyde Market Performance
-
14.13.3 Product&Service Introduction
-
14.14 Sumitomo Chemical Co, Ltd
-
14.14.1 Sumitomo Chemical Co, Ltd Company Profile
-
14.14.2 Sumitomo Chemical Co, Ltd Acetaldehyde Market Performance
-
14.14.3 Product&Service Introduction
-
14.15 Showa Denko KK
-
14.15.1 Showa Denko KK Company Profile
-
14.15.2 Showa Denko KK Acetaldehyde Market Performance
-
14.15.3 Product&Service Introduction
-
14.16 LCY GROUP
-
14.16.1 LCY GROUP Company Profile
-
14.16.2 LCY GROUP Acetaldehyde Market Performance
-
14.16.3 Product&Service Introduction
-
14.17 Shandong Kunda Biotechnology
-
14.17.1 Shandong Kunda Biotechnology Company Profile
-
14.17.2 Shandong Kunda Biotechnology Acetaldehyde Market Performance
-
14.17.3 Product&Service Introduction
-
14.18 Jinyimeng Group
-
14.18.1 Jinyimeng Group Company Profile
-
14.18.2 Jinyimeng Group Acetaldehyde Market Performance
-
14.18.3 Product&Service Introduction
Chapter 15 Research Conclusions and Investment Suggestions
-
15.1 Acetaldehyde Industry Research Conclusions
-
15.2 Acetaldehyde Industry Investment Suggestions
-
15.2.1 Suggestions on Industry Development Strategy
-
15.2.2 Suggestions on Industry Investment Direction
-
15.2.3 Suggestions on Industry Investment Strategy
List of Tables and Figures
-
Figure China Acetaldehyde Industry Market Size (2018-2029)
-
Figure China Acetaldehyde Production Volume, Production Value and Growth Rate of Ethylene Type (2018-2029)
-
Figure China Acetaldehyde Production Volume, Production Value and Growth Rate of Ethanol Type (2018-2029)
-
Figure China Acetaldehyde Sales Volume, Sales Value and Growth Rate of Pentaerythritol (2018-2029)
-
Figure China Acetaldehyde Sales Volume, Sales Value and Growth Rate of Pyridines (2018-2029)
-
Figure China Acetaldehyde Sales Volume, Sales Value and Growth Rate of Acetate esters (2018-2029)
-
Figure China Acetaldehyde Sales Volume, Sales Value and Growth Rate of Acetic acid (2018-2029)
-
Figure China Acetaldehyde Sales Volume, Sales Value and Growth Rate of Others (2018-2029)
-
Figure North China Acetaldehyde Market Size and Growth Rate from 2018-2029
-
Figure Central China Acetaldehyde Market Size and Growth Rate from 2018-2029
-
Figure South China Acetaldehyde Market Size and Growth Rate from 2018-2029
-
Figure East China Acetaldehyde Market Size and Growth Rate from 2018-2029
-
Figure Northeast China Acetaldehyde Market Size and Growth Rate from 2018-2029
-
Figure Southwest China Acetaldehyde Market Size and Growth Rate from 2018-2029
-
Figure Northwest China Acetaldehyde Market Size and Growth Rate from 2018-2029
-
Figure Acetaldehyde Industry Chain
-
Table Product Types of Major Suppliers in 2023
-
Figure China Acetaldehyde Market Share by Type in 2018
-
Figure China Acetaldehyde Market Share by Type in 2023
-
Figure China Acetaldehyde Total Production Volume and Growth Rate from Production Side (2018-2023)
-
Figure China Acetaldehyde Production Volume and Growth Rate of Ethylene Type (2018-2023)
-
Figure China Acetaldehyde Production Volume and Growth Rate of Ethanol Type (2018-2023)
-
Figure China Acetaldehyde Market Share by Application in 2018
-
Figure China Acetaldehyde Market Share by Application in 2023
-
Figure China Acetaldehyde Total Market Size and Growth Rate from Consumption End
-
Figure China Acetaldehyde Market Size and Growth Rate of Pentaerythritol (2018-2023)
-
Figure China Acetaldehyde Market Size and Growth Rate of Pyridines (2018-2023)
-
Figure China Acetaldehyde Market Size and Growth Rate of Acetate esters (2018-2023)
-
Figure China Acetaldehyde Market Size and Growth Rate of Acetic acid (2018-2023)
-
Figure China Acetaldehyde Market Size and Growth Rate of Others (2018-2023)
-
Table China Acetaldehyde Production Volume by Region (2018-2023)
-
Table China Acetaldehyde Production Volume Share by Region (2018-2023)
-
Figure China Acetaldehyde Production Volume Share by Region (2018-2023)
-
Table China Acetaldehyde Production Value by Region (2018-2023)
-
Table China Acetaldehyde Production Value Share by Region (2018-2023)
-
Figure China Acetaldehyde Production Value Share by Region (2018-2023)
-
Table China Acetaldehyde Sales Volume by Region (2018-2023)
-
Table China Acetaldehyde Sales Volume Share by Region (2018-2023)
-
Figure China Acetaldehyde Sales Volume Share by Region (2018-2023)
-
Table China Acetaldehyde Sales Value by Region (2018-2023)
-
Table China Acetaldehyde Sales Value Share by Region (2018-2023)
-
Figure China Acetaldehyde Sales Value Share by Region (2018-2023)
-
Table North China Acetaldehyde Production Volume by Type (2018-2023)
-
Table North China Acetaldehyde Production Volume Share by Type (2018-2023)
-
Figure North China Acetaldehyde Production Volume Share by Type (2018-2023)
-
Table North China Acetaldehyde Sales Volume by Application (2018-2023)
-
Table North China Acetaldehyde Sales Volume Share by Application (2018-2023)
-
Figure North China Acetaldehyde Sales Volume Share by Application (2018-2023)
-
Table Central China Acetaldehyde Production Volume by Type (2018-2023)
-
Table Central China Acetaldehyde Production Volume Share by Type (2018-2023)
-
Figure Central China Acetaldehyde Production Volume Share by Type (2018-2023)
-
Table Central China Acetaldehyde Sales Volume by Application (2018-2023)
-
Table Central China Acetaldehyde Sales Volume Share by Application (2018-2023)
-
Figure Central China Acetaldehyde Sales Volume Share by Application (2018-2023)
-
Table South China Acetaldehyde Production Volume by Type (2018-2023)
-
Table South China Acetaldehyde Production Volume Share by Type (2018-2023)
-
Figure South China Acetaldehyde Production Volume Share by Type (2018-2023)
-
Table South China Acetaldehyde Sales Volume by Application (2018-2023)
-
Table South China Acetaldehyde Sales Volume Share by Application (2018-2023)
-
Figure South China Acetaldehyde Sales Volume Share by Application (2018-2023)
-
Table East China Acetaldehyde Production Volume by Type (2018-2023)
-
Table East China Acetaldehyde Production Volume Share by Type (2018-2023)
-
Figure East China Acetaldehyde Production Volume Share by Type (2018-2023)
-
Table East China Acetaldehyde Sales Volume by Application (2018-2023)
-
Table East China Acetaldehyde Sales Volume Share by Application (2018-2023)
-
Figure East China Acetaldehyde Sales Volume Share by Application (2018-2023)
-
Table Northeast China Acetaldehyde Production Volume by Type (2018-2023)
-
Table Northeast China Acetaldehyde Production Volume Share by Type (2018-2023)
-
Figure Northeast China Acetaldehyde Production Volume Share by Type (2018-2023)
-
Table Northeast China Acetaldehyde Sales Volume by Application (2018-2023)
-
Table Northeast China Acetaldehyde Sales Volume Share by Application (2018-2023)
-
Figure Northeast China Acetaldehyde Sales Volume Share by Application (2018-2023)
-
Table Southwest China Acetaldehyde Production Volume by Type (2018-2023)
-
Table Southwest China Acetaldehyde Production Volume Share by Type (2018-2023)
-
Figure Southwest China Acetaldehyde Production Volume Share by Type (2018-2023)
-
Table Southwest China Acetaldehyde Sales Volume by Application (2018-2023)
-
Table Southwest China Acetaldehyde Sales Volume Share by Application (2018-2023)
-
Figure Southwest China Acetaldehyde Sales Volume Share by Application (2018-2023)
-
Table Northwest China Acetaldehyde Production Volume by Type (2018-2023)
-
Table Northwest China Acetaldehyde Production Volume Share by Type (2018-2023)
-
Figure Northwest China Acetaldehyde Production Volume Share by Type (2018-2023)
-
Table Northwest China Acetaldehyde Sales Volume by Application (2018-2023)
-
Table Northwest China Acetaldehyde Sales Volume Share by Application (2018-2023)
-
Figure Northwest China Acetaldehyde Sales Volume Share by Application (2018-2023)
-
Table Celanese Corporation Company Profile
-
Table Celanese Corporation Acetaldehyde Revenue, Price and Gross (2018-2023)
-
Table Shijiazhuang Xinyu Sanyang Industry Company Profile
-
Table Shijiazhuang Xinyu Sanyang Industry Acetaldehyde Revenue, Price and Gross (2018-2023)
-
Table Hubei Yihua Company Profile
-
Table Hubei Yihua Acetaldehyde Revenue, Price and Gross (2018-2023)
-
Table Sanmu Company Profile
-
Table Sanmu Acetaldehyde Revenue, Price and Gross (2018-2023)
-
Table Yuntianhua Company Profile
-
Table Yuntianhua Acetaldehyde Revenue, Price and Gross (2018-2023)
-
Table Ashok Alco - chem Limited Company Profile
-
Table Ashok Alco - chem Limited Acetaldehyde Revenue, Price and Gross (2018-2023)
-
Table SEKAB Company Profile
-
Table SEKAB Acetaldehyde Revenue, Price and Gross (2018-2023)
-
Table CNPC Company Profile
-
Table CNPC Acetaldehyde Revenue, Price and Gross (2018-2023)
-
Table Sinopec Company Profile
-
Table Sinopec Acetaldehyde Revenue, Price and Gross (2018-2023)
-
Table Eastman Chemical Company Company Profile
-
Table Eastman Chemical Company Acetaldehyde Revenue, Price and Gross (2018-2023)
-
Table Laxmi Organic Industries Ltd Company Profile
-
Table Laxmi Organic Industries Ltd Acetaldehyde Revenue, Price and Gross (2018-2023)
-
Table Shandong Hongda Company Profile
-
Table Shandong Hongda Acetaldehyde Revenue, Price and Gross (2018-2023)
-
Table Jubilant Company Profile
-
Table Jubilant Acetaldehyde Revenue, Price and Gross (2018-2023)
-
Table Sumitomo Chemical Co, Ltd Company Profile
-
Table Sumitomo Chemical Co, Ltd Acetaldehyde Revenue, Price and Gross (2018-2023)
-
Table Showa Denko KK Company Profile
-
Table Showa Denko KK Acetaldehyde Revenue, Price and Gross (2018-2023)
-
Table LCY GROUP Company Profile
-
Table LCY GROUP Acetaldehyde Revenue, Price and Gross (2018-2023)
-
Table Shandong Kunda Biotechnology Company Profile
-
Table Shandong Kunda Biotechnology Acetaldehyde Revenue, Price and Gross (2018-2023)
-
Table Jinyimeng Group Company Profile
-
Table Jinyimeng Group Acetaldehyde Revenue, Price and Gross (2018-2023)
-