- REPORT SUMMARY
- TABLE OF CONTENTS
-
This report offers an overview of the market trends, drivers, and barriers with respect to the Japan Automotive Parking Brake Lever market. It also provides a detailed overview of the market of different regions across Hokkaido, Tohoku, Kanto, Chubu, Kinki, Chugoku, Shikoku, Kyushu. The report deep analyzes type and application in Japan Automotive Parking Brake Lever market. Detailed analysis of key players, along with key growth strategies adopted by Automotive Parking Brake Lever industry, the PEST and SWOT analysis are also included. In short, the report will provide a comprehensive view of the industry's development and features.
By Player:
Caparo
Donghuan
Hamann
ACDelco
Kyung Chang
Kowze
Orscheln
DURA
Cablecraft
Slworld
Kapaco
Brace
Pute
OMIX-ADA
By Type:
Type 1
Type 2
Type 3
By End-User:
End-Users 1
End-Users 2
End-Users 3
By Region:
-
Hokkaido
-
Tohoku
-
Kanto
-
Chubu
-
Kinki
-
Chugoku
-
Shikoku
-
Kyushu
1 Report Overview
-
1.1 Product Definition and Scope
-
1.2 PEST (Political, Economic, Social and Technological) Analysis of Automotive Parking Brake Lever Market
-
1.3 Market Segment by Type
1.3.1 Japan Automotive Parking Brake Lever Market Size and Growth Rate of Type 1 from 2014 to 2026
1.3.2 Japan Automotive Parking Brake Lever Market Size and Growth Rate of Type 2 from 2014 to 2026
1.3.3 Japan Automotive Parking Brake Lever Market Size and Growth Rate of Type 3 from 2014 to 2026
-
1.4 Market Segment by Application
1.4.1 Japan Automotive Parking Brake Lever Market Size and Growth Rate of Application 1 from 2014 to 2026
1.4.2 Japan Automotive Parking Brake Lever Market Size and Growth Rate of Application 2 from 2014 to 2026
1.4.3 Japan Automotive Parking Brake Lever Market Size and Growth Rate of Application 3 from 2014 to 2026
-
1.5 Market Segment by Regions
-
1.5.1 Hokkaido Automotive Parking Brake Lever Consumption Market Size and Growth Rate from 2014 to 2026
-
1.5.2 Tohoku Automotive Parking Brake Lever Consumption Market Size and Growth Rate from 2014 to 2026
-
1.5.3 Kanto Automotive Parking Brake Lever Consumption Market Size and Growth Rate from 2014 to 2026
-
1.5.4 Chubu Automotive Parking Brake Lever Consumption Market Size and Growth Rate from 2014 to 2026
-
1.5.5 Kinki Automotive Parking Brake Lever Consumption Market Size and Growth Rate from 2014 to 2026
-
1.5.6 Chugoku Automotive Parking Brake Lever Consumption Market Size and Growth Rate from 2014 to 2026
-
1.5.7 Shikoku Automotive Parking Brake Lever Consumption Market Size and Growth Rate from 2014 to 2026
-
1.5.8 Kyushu Automotive Parking Brake Lever Consumption Market Size and Growth Rate from 2014 to 2026
2 Market Trends and Competitive Landscape
-
2.1 Market Trends and Dynamics
-
2.1.1 Market Challenges and Restraints
-
2.1.2 Market Opportunities and Potentials
-
2.1.3 Mergers and Acquisitions
-
2.2 Competitive Landscape Analysis
-
2.2.1 Industrial Concentration Analysis
-
2.2.2 Porter's Five Forces Analysis of the Industry
-
2.2.3 SWOT Analysis for New Entrants
3 Segmentation of Automotive Parking Brake Lever Market by Types
-
3.1 Products Development Trends of Different Types
-
3.2 Commercial Products Types of Major Vendors
-
3.3 Competitive Landscape Analysis of Different Types
-
3.4 Market Size of Automotive Parking Brake Lever by Major Types
3.4.1 Market Size and Growth Rate of Type 1
3.4.2 Market Size and Growth Rate of Type 2
3.4.3 Market Size and Growth Rate of Type 3
4 Segmentation of Automotive Parking Brake Lever Market by End-Users
-
4.1 Downstream Client Analysis by End-Users
-
4.2 Competitive Landscape Analysis of Different End-Users
-
4.3 Market Potential Analysis of Different End-Users
-
4.4 Market Size of Automotive Parking Brake Lever by Major End-Users
4.4.1 Market Size and Growth Rate of Automotive Parking Brake Lever in Application 1
4.4.2 Market Size and Growth Rate of Automotive Parking Brake Lever in Application 2
4.4.3 Market Size and Growth Rate of Automotive Parking Brake Lever in Application 3
5 Market Analysis by Regions
-
5.1 Japan Automotive Parking Brake Lever Production Analysis by Regions
-
5.2 Japan Automotive Parking Brake Lever Consumption Analysis by Regions
6 Hokkaido Automotive Parking Brake Lever Landscape Analysis
-
6.1 Hokkaido Automotive Parking Brake Lever Landscape Analysis by Major Types
-
6.2 Hokkaido Automotive Parking Brake Lever Landscape Analysis by Major End-Users
7 Tohoku Automotive Parking Brake Lever Landscape Analysis
-
7.1 Tohoku Automotive Parking Brake Lever Landscape Analysis by Major Types
-
7.2 Tohoku Automotive Parking Brake Lever Landscape Analysis by Major End-Users
8 Kanto Automotive Parking Brake Lever Landscape Analysis
-
8.1 Kanto Automotive Parking Brake Lever Landscape Analysis by Major Types
-
8.2 Kanto Automotive Parking Brake Lever Landscape Analysis by Major End-Users
9 Chubu Automotive Parking Brake Lever Landscape Analysis
-
9.1 Chubu Automotive Parking Brake Lever Landscape Analysis by Major Types
-
9.2 Chubu Automotive Parking Brake Lever Landscape Analysis by Major End-Users
10 Kinki Automotive Parking Brake Lever Landscape Analysis
-
10.1 Kinki Automotive Parking Brake Lever Landscape Analysis by Major Types
-
10.2 Kinki Automotive Parking Brake Lever Landscape Analysis by Major End-Users
11 Chugoku Automotive Parking Brake Lever Landscape Analysis
-
11.1 Chugoku Automotive Parking Brake Lever Landscape Analysis by Major Types
-
11.2 Chugoku Automotive Parking Brake Lever Landscape Analysis by Major End-Users
12 Shikoku Automotive Parking Brake Lever Landscape Analysis
-
12.1 Shikoku Automotive Parking Brake Lever Landscape Analysis by Major Types
-
12.2 Shikoku Automotive Parking Brake Lever Landscape Analysis by Major End-Users
13 Kyushu Automotive Parking Brake Lever Landscape Analysis
-
13.1 Kyushu Automotive Parking Brake Lever Landscape Analysis by Major Types
-
13.2 Kyushu Automotive Parking Brake Lever Landscape Analysis by Major End-Users
14 Major Players Profiles
14.1 Caparo
14.1.1 Caparo Company Profile and Recent Development
14.1.2 Market Performance
14.1.3 Product and Service Introduction
14.2 Donghuan
14.2.1 Donghuan Company Profile and Recent Development
14.2.2 Market Performance
14.2.3 Product and Service Introduction
14.3 Hamann
14.3.1 Hamann Company Profile and Recent Development
14.3.2 Market Performance
14.3.3 Product and Service Introduction
14.4 ACDelco
14.4.1 ACDelco Company Profile and Recent Development
14.4.2 Market Performance
14.4.3 Product and Service Introduction
14.5 Kyung Chang
14.5.1 Kyung Chang Company Profile and Recent Development
14.5.2 Market Performance
14.5.3 Product and Service Introduction
14.6 Kowze
14.6.1 Kowze Company Profile and Recent Development
14.6.2 Market Performance
14.6.3 Product and Service Introduction
14.7 Orscheln
14.7.1 Orscheln Company Profile and Recent Development
14.7.2 Market Performance
14.7.3 Product and Service Introduction
14.8 DURA
14.8.1 DURA Company Profile and Recent Development
14.8.2 Market Performance
14.8.3 Product and Service Introduction
14.9 Cablecraft
14.9.1 Cablecraft Company Profile and Recent Development
14.9.2 Market Performance
14.9.3 Product and Service Introduction
14.10 Slworld
14.10.1 Slworld Company Profile and Recent Development
14.10.2 Market Performance
14.10.3 Product and Service Introduction
14.11 Kapaco
14.11.1 Kapaco Company Profile and Recent Development
14.11.2 Market Performance
14.11.3 Product and Service Introduction
14.12 Brace
14.12.1 Brace Company Profile and Recent Development
14.12.2 Market Performance
14.12.3 Product and Service Introduction
14.13 Pute
14.13.1 Pute Company Profile and Recent Development
14.13.2 Market Performance
14.13.3 Product and Service Introduction
14.14 OMIX-ADA
14.14.1 OMIX-ADA Company Profile and Recent Development
14.14.2 Market Performance
14.14.3 Product and Service Introduction
The List of Tables and Figures (Totals 148 Figures and 176 Tables)
Figure Japan Automotive Parking Brake Lever Market Size and Growth Rate of Type 1 from 2014 to 2026
Figure Japan Automotive Parking Brake Lever Market Size and Growth Rate of Type 2 from 2014 to 2026
Figure Japan Automotive Parking Brake Lever Market Size and Growth Rate of Type 3 from 2014 to 2026
-
Figure Market Share by Type in 2014
-
Figure Market Share by Type in 2018
-
Figure Market Share by Type in 2026
Figure Japan Automotive Parking Brake Lever Market Size and Growth Rate of Application 1 from 2014 to 2026
Figure Japan Automotive Parking Brake Lever Market Size and Growth Rate of Application 2 from 2014 to 2026
Figure Japan Automotive Parking Brake Lever Market Size and Growth Rate of Application 3 from 2014 to 2026
-
Figure Market Share by End-User in 2014
-
Figure Market Share by End-User in 2018
-
Figure Market Share by End-User in 2026
-
Figure Hokkaido Automotive Parking Brake Lever Consumption Market Size and Growth Rate from 2014 to 2026
-
Figure Tohoku Automotive Parking Brake Lever Consumption Market Size and Growth Rate from 2014 to 2026
-
Figure Kanto Automotive Parking Brake Lever Consumption Market Size and Growth Rate from 2014 to 2026
-
Figure Chubu Automotive Parking Brake Lever Consumption Market Size and Growth Rate from 2014 to 2026
-
Figure Kinki Automotive Parking Brake Lever Consumption Market Size and Growth Rate from 2014 to 2026
-
Figure Chugoku Automotive Parking Brake Lever Consumption Market Size and Growth Rate from 2014 to 2026
-
Figure Shikoku Automotive Parking Brake Lever Consumption Market Size and Growth Rate from 2014 to 2026
-
Figure Kyushu Automotive Parking Brake Lever Consumption Market Size and Growth Rate from 2014 to 2026
-
Figure Development Trends and Industry Dynamics of Automotive Parking Brake Lever Industry
-
Figure Market Challenges and Restraints
-
Figure Market Opportunities and Potentials
-
Table Mergers and Acquisition
-
Figure Market Share of TOP 3 Players in 2018
-
Figure Market Share of TOP 5 Players in 2018
-
Figure Market Share of TOP 6 Players from 2014 to 2019
-
Figure Porter's Five Forces Analysis
-
Figure New Entrant SWOT Analysis
-
Table Specifications of Different Types of Automotive Parking Brake Lever
-
Figure Development Trends of Different Types
-
Table Commercial Products Types of Major Vendors
-
Figure Competitive Landscape Analysis of Different Types
-
Table Consumption of Automotive Parking Brake Lever by Different Types from 2014 to 2026
-
Table Consumption Share of Automotive Parking Brake Lever by Different Types from 2014 to 2026
Figure Market Size and Growth Rate of Type 1
Figure Market Size and Growth Rate of Type 2
Figure Market Size and Growth Rate of Type 3
-
Table Downstream Client Analysis by End-Users
-
Figure Competitive Landscape Analysis of Different End-Users
-
Table Market Potential Analysis of Different End-Users
-
Table Consumption of Automotive Parking Brake Lever by Different End-Users from 2014 to 2026
-
Table Consumption Share of Automotive Parking Brake Lever by Different End-Users from 2014 to 2026
Figure Japan Automotive Parking Brake Lever Market Size and Growth Rate of Application 1 from 2014 to 2026
Figure Japan Automotive Parking Brake Lever Market Size and Growth Rate of Application 2 from 2014 to 2026
Figure Japan Automotive Parking Brake Lever Market Size and Growth Rate of Application 3 from 2014 to 2026
-
Table Japan Automotive Parking Brake Lever Production by Regions
-
Table Japan Automotive Parking Brake Lever Production Share by Regions
-
Figure Japan Automotive Parking Brake Lever Production Share by Regions in 2014
-
Figure Japan Automotive Parking Brake Lever Production Share by Regions in 2018
-
Figure Japan Automotive Parking Brake Lever Production Share by Regions in 2026
-
Table Japan Automotive Parking Brake Lever Consumption by Regions
-
Table Japan Automotive Parking Brake Lever Consumption Share by Regions
-
Figure Japan Automotive Parking Brake Lever Consumption Share by Regions in 2014
-
Figure Japan Automotive Parking Brake Lever Consumption Share by Regions in 2018
-
Figure Japan Automotive Parking Brake Lever Consumption Share by Regions in 2026
-
Table Hokkaido Automotive Parking Brake Lever Consumption by Types from 2014 to 2026
-
Table Hokkaido Automotive Parking Brake Lever Consumption Share by Types from 2014 to 2026
-
Figure Hokkaido Automotive Parking Brake Lever Consumption Share by Types in 2014
-
Figure Hokkaido Automotive Parking Brake Lever Consumption Share by Types in 2018
-
Figure Hokkaido Automotive Parking Brake Lever Consumption Share by Types in 2026
-
Table Hokkaido Automotive Parking Brake Lever Consumption by End-Users from 2014 to 2026
-
Table Hokkaido Automotive Parking Brake Lever Consumption Share by End-Users from 2014 to 2026
-
Figure Hokkaido Automotive Parking Brake Lever Consumption Share by End-Users in 2014
-
Figure Hokkaido Automotive Parking Brake Lever Consumption Share by End-Users in 2018
-
Figure Hokkaido Automotive Parking Brake Lever Consumption Share by End-Users in 2026
-
Table Tohoku Automotive Parking Brake Lever Consumption by Types from 2014 to 2026
-
Table Tohoku Automotive Parking Brake Lever Consumption Share by Types from 2014 to 2026
-
Figure Tohoku Automotive Parking Brake Lever Consumption Share by Types in 2014
-
Figure Tohoku Automotive Parking Brake Lever Consumption Share by Types in 2018
-
Figure Tohoku Automotive Parking Brake Lever Consumption Share by Types in 2026
-
Table Tohoku Automotive Parking Brake Lever Consumption by End-Users from 2014 to 2026
-
Table Tohoku Automotive Parking Brake Lever Consumption Share by End-Users from 2014 to 2026
-
Figure Tohoku Automotive Parking Brake Lever Consumption Share by End-Users in 2014
-
Figure Tohoku Automotive Parking Brake Lever Consumption Share by End-Users in 2018
-
Figure Tohoku Automotive Parking Brake Lever Consumption Share by End-Users in 2026
-
Table Kanto Automotive Parking Brake Lever Consumption by Types from 2014 to 2026
-
Table Kanto Automotive Parking Brake Lever Consumption Share by Types from 2014 to 2026
-
Figure Kanto Automotive Parking Brake Lever Consumption Share by Types in 2014
-
Figure Kanto Automotive Parking Brake Lever Consumption Share by Types in 2018
-
Figure Kanto Automotive Parking Brake Lever Consumption Share by Types in 2026
-
Table Kanto Automotive Parking Brake Lever Consumption by End-Users from 2014 to 2026
-
Table Kanto Automotive Parking Brake Lever Consumption Share by End-Users from 2014 to 2026
-
Figure Kanto Automotive Parking Brake Lever Consumption Share by End-Users in 2014
-
Figure Kanto Automotive Parking Brake Lever Consumption Share by End-Users in 2018
-
Figure Kanto Automotive Parking Brake Lever Consumption Share by End-Users in 2026
-
Table Chubu Automotive Parking Brake Lever Consumption by Types from 2014 to 2026
-
Table Chubu Automotive Parking Brake Lever Consumption Share by Types from 2014 to 2026
-
Figure Chubu Automotive Parking Brake Lever Consumption Share by Types in 2014
-
Figure Chubu Automotive Parking Brake Lever Consumption Share by Types in 2018
-
Figure Chubu Automotive Parking Brake Lever Consumption Share by Types in 2026
-
Table Chubu Automotive Parking Brake Lever Consumption by End-Users from 2014 to 2026
-
Table Chubu Automotive Parking Brake Lever Consumption Share by End-Users from 2014 to 2026
-
Figure Chubu Automotive Parking Brake Lever Consumption Share by End-Users in 2014
-
Figure Chubu Automotive Parking Brake Lever Consumption Share by End-Users in 2018
-
Figure Chubu Automotive Parking Brake Lever Consumption Share by End-Users in 2026
-
Table Kinki Automotive Parking Brake Lever Consumption by Types from 2014 to 2026
-
Table Kinki Automotive Parking Brake Lever Consumption Share by Types from 2014 to 2026
-
Figure Kinki Automotive Parking Brake Lever Consumption Share by Types in 2014
-
Figure Kinki Automotive Parking Brake Lever Consumption Share by Types in 2018
-
Figure Kinki Automotive Parking Brake Lever Consumption Share by Types in 2026
-
Table Kinki Automotive Parking Brake Lever Consumption by End-Users from 2014 to 2026
-
Table Kinki Automotive Parking Brake Lever Consumption Share by End-Users from 2014 to 2026
-
Figure Kinki Automotive Parking Brake Lever Consumption Share by End-Users in 2014
-
Figure Kinki Automotive Parking Brake Lever Consumption Share by End-Users in 2018
-
Figure Kinki Automotive Parking Brake Lever Consumption Share by End-Users in 2026
-
Table Chugoku Automotive Parking Brake Lever Consumption by Types from 2014 to 2026
-
Table Chugoku Automotive Parking Brake Lever Consumption Share by Types from 2014 to 2026
-
Figure Chugoku Automotive Parking Brake Lever Consumption Share by Types in 2014
-
Figure Chugoku Automotive Parking Brake Lever Consumption Share by Types in 2018
-
Figure Chugoku Automotive Parking Brake Lever Consumption Share by Types in 2026
-
Table Chugoku Automotive Parking Brake Lever Consumption by End-Users from 2014 to 2026
-
Table Chugoku Automotive Parking Brake Lever Consumption Share by End-Users from 2014 to 2026
-
Figure Chugoku Automotive Parking Brake Lever Consumption Share by End-Users in 2014
-
Figure Chugoku Automotive Parking Brake Lever Consumption Share by End-Users in 2018
-
Figure Chugoku Automotive Parking Brake Lever Consumption Share by End-Users in 2026
-
Table Shikoku Automotive Parking Brake Lever Consumption by Types from 2014 to 2026
-
Table Shikoku Automotive Parking Brake Lever Consumption Share by Types from 2014 to 2026
-
Figure Shikoku Automotive Parking Brake Lever Consumption Share by Types in 2014
-
Figure Shikoku Automotive Parking Brake Lever Consumption Share by Types in 2018
-
Figure Shikoku Automotive Parking Brake Lever Consumption Share by Types in 2026
-
Table Shikoku Automotive Parking Brake Lever Consumption by End-Users from 2014 to 2026
-
Table Shikoku Automotive Parking Brake Lever Consumption Share by End-Users from 2014 to 2026
-
Figure Shikoku Automotive Parking Brake Lever Consumption Share by End-Users in 2014
-
Figure Shikoku Automotive Parking Brake Lever Consumption Share by End-Users in 2018
-
Figure Shikoku Automotive Parking Brake Lever Consumption Share by End-Users in 2026
-
Table Kyushu Automotive Parking Brake Lever Consumption by Types from 2014 to 2026
-
Table Kyushu Automotive Parking Brake Lever Consumption Share by Types from 2014 to 2026
-
Figure Kyushu Automotive Parking Brake Lever Consumption Share by Types in 2014
-
Figure Kyushu Automotive Parking Brake Lever Consumption Share by Types in 2018
-
Figure Kyushu Automotive Parking Brake Lever Consumption Share by Types in 2026
-
Table Kyushu Automotive Parking Brake Lever Consumption by End-Users from 2014 to 2026
-
Table Kyushu Automotive Parking Brake Lever Consumption Share by End-Users from 2014 to 2026
-
Figure Kyushu Automotive Parking Brake Lever Consumption Share by End-Users in 2014
-
Figure Kyushu Automotive Parking Brake Lever Consumption Share by End-Users in 2018
-
Figure Kyushu Automotive Parking Brake Lever Consumption Share by End-Users in 2026
Table Company Profile and Development Status of Caparo
Table Sales, Revenue, Sales Price and Gross Margin Analysis of Caparo
Figure Sales and Growth Rate Analysis of Caparo
Figure Revenue and Market Share Analysis of Caparo
Table Product and Service Introduction of Caparo
Table Company Profile and Development Status of Donghuan
Table Sales, Revenue, Sales Price and Gross Margin Analysis of Donghuan
Figure Sales and Growth Rate Analysis of Donghuan
Figure Revenue and Market Share Analysis of Donghuan
Table Product and Service Introduction of Donghuan
Table Company Profile and Development Status of Hamann
Table Sales, Revenue, Sales Price and Gross Margin Analysis of Hamann
Figure Sales and Growth Rate Analysis of Hamann
Figure Revenue and Market Share Analysis of Hamann
Table Product and Service Introduction of Hamann
Table Company Profile and Development Status of ACDelco
Table Sales, Revenue, Sales Price and Gross Margin Analysis of ACDelco
Figure Sales and Growth Rate Analysis of ACDelco
Figure Revenue and Market Share Analysis of ACDelco
Table Product and Service Introduction of ACDelco
Table Company Profile and Development Status of Kyung Chang
Table Sales, Revenue, Sales Price and Gross Margin Analysis of Kyung Chang
Figure Sales and Growth Rate Analysis of Kyung Chang
Figure Revenue and Market Share Analysis of Kyung Chang
Table Product and Service Introduction of Kyung Chang
Table Company Profile and Development Status of Kowze
Table Sales, Revenue, Sales Price and Gross Margin Analysis of Kowze
Figure Sales and Growth Rate Analysis of Kowze
Figure Revenue and Market Share Analysis of Kowze
Table Product and Service Introduction of Kowze
Table Company Profile and Development Status of Orscheln
Table Sales, Revenue, Sales Price and Gross Margin Analysis of Orscheln
Figure Sales and Growth Rate Analysis of Orscheln
Figure Revenue and Market Share Analysis of Orscheln
Table Product and Service Introduction of Orscheln
Table Company Profile and Development Status of DURA
Table Sales, Revenue, Sales Price and Gross Margin Analysis of DURA
Figure Sales and Growth Rate Analysis of DURA
Figure Revenue and Market Share Analysis of DURA
Table Product and Service Introduction of DURA
Table Company Profile and Development Status of Cablecraft
Table Sales, Revenue, Sales Price and Gross Margin Analysis of Cablecraft
Figure Sales and Growth Rate Analysis of Cablecraft
Figure Revenue and Market Share Analysis of Cablecraft
Table Product and Service Introduction of Cablecraft
Table Company Profile and Development Status of Slworld
Table Sales, Revenue, Sales Price and Gross Margin Analysis of Slworld
Figure Sales and Growth Rate Analysis of Slworld
Figure Revenue and Market Share Analysis of Slworld
Table Product and Service Introduction of Slworld
Table Company Profile and Development Status of Kapaco
Table Sales, Revenue, Sales Price and Gross Margin Analysis of Kapaco
Figure Sales and Growth Rate Analysis of Kapaco
Figure Revenue and Market Share Analysis of Kapaco
Table Product and Service Introduction of Kapaco
Table Company Profile and Development Status of Brace
Table Sales, Revenue, Sales Price and Gross Margin Analysis of Brace
Figure Sales and Growth Rate Analysis of Brace
Figure Revenue and Market Share Analysis of Brace
Table Product and Service Introduction of Brace
Table Company Profile and Development Status of Pute
Table Sales, Revenue, Sales Price and Gross Margin Analysis of Pute
Figure Sales and Growth Rate Analysis of Pute
Figure Revenue and Market Share Analysis of Pute
Table Product and Service Introduction of Pute
Table Company Profile and Development Status of OMIX-ADA
Table Sales, Revenue, Sales Price and Gross Margin Analysis of OMIX-ADA
Figure Sales and Growth Rate Analysis of OMIX-ADA
Figure Revenue and Market Share Analysis of OMIX-ADA
Table Product and Service Introduction of OMIX-ADA
-