- REPORT SUMMARY
- TABLE OF CONTENTS
-
This report offers an overview of the market trends, drivers, and barriers with respect to the Japan Cleaning Sweeper market. It also provides a detailed overview of the market of different regions across Hokkaido, Tohoku, Kanto, Chubu, Kinki, Chugoku, Shikoku, Kyushu. The report deep analyzes type and application in Japan Cleaning Sweeper market. Detailed analysis of key players, along with key growth strategies adopted by Cleaning Sweeper industry, the PEST and SWOT analysis are also included. In short, the report will provide a comprehensive view of the industry's development and features.
By Player:
Elgin
Madvac Exprolink
Aebi Schmidt
Bucher (Johnston)
FAUN
Tennant
Dulevo
TYMCO
KATO
Boschung
Alamo Group
Global Sweeper
FAYAT GROUP
Alfred Karcher
Hako
By Type:
Heavy Duty
Medium Duty
Light Duty
By End-User:
Urban Road
Highway
Airport
Others
By Region:
-
Hokkaido
-
Tohoku
-
Kanto
-
Chubu
-
Kinki
-
Chugoku
-
Shikoku
-
Kyushu
1 Report Overview
-
1.1 Product Definition and Scope
-
1.2 PEST (Political, Economic, Social and Technological) Analysis of Cleaning Sweeper Market
-
1.3 Market Segment by Type
1.3.1 Japan Cleaning Sweeper Market Size and Growth Rate of Heavy Duty from 2014 to 2026
1.3.2 Japan Cleaning Sweeper Market Size and Growth Rate of Medium Duty from 2014 to 2026
1.3.3 Japan Cleaning Sweeper Market Size and Growth Rate of Light Duty from 2014 to 2026
-
1.4 Market Segment by Application
1.4.1 Japan Cleaning Sweeper Market Size and Growth Rate of Urban Road from 2014 to 2026
1.4.2 Japan Cleaning Sweeper Market Size and Growth Rate of Highway from 2014 to 2026
1.4.3 Japan Cleaning Sweeper Market Size and Growth Rate of Airport from 2014 to 2026
1.4.4 Japan Cleaning Sweeper Market Size and Growth Rate of Others from 2014 to 2026
-
1.5 Market Segment by Regions
-
1.5.1 Hokkaido Cleaning Sweeper Consumption Market Size and Growth Rate from 2014 to 2026
-
1.5.2 Tohoku Cleaning Sweeper Consumption Market Size and Growth Rate from 2014 to 2026
-
1.5.3 Kanto Cleaning Sweeper Consumption Market Size and Growth Rate from 2014 to 2026
-
1.5.4 Chubu Cleaning Sweeper Consumption Market Size and Growth Rate from 2014 to 2026
-
1.5.5 Kinki Cleaning Sweeper Consumption Market Size and Growth Rate from 2014 to 2026
-
1.5.6 Chugoku Cleaning Sweeper Consumption Market Size and Growth Rate from 2014 to 2026
-
1.5.7 Shikoku Cleaning Sweeper Consumption Market Size and Growth Rate from 2014 to 2026
-
1.5.8 Kyushu Cleaning Sweeper Consumption Market Size and Growth Rate from 2014 to 2026
2 Market Trends and Competitive Landscape
-
2.1 Market Trends and Dynamics
-
2.1.1 Market Challenges and Restraints
-
2.1.2 Market Opportunities and Potentials
-
2.1.3 Mergers and Acquisitions
-
2.2 Competitive Landscape Analysis
-
2.2.1 Industrial Concentration Analysis
-
2.2.2 Porter's Five Forces Analysis of the Industry
-
2.2.3 SWOT Analysis for New Entrants
3 Segmentation of Cleaning Sweeper Market by Types
-
3.1 Products Development Trends of Different Types
-
3.2 Commercial Products Types of Major Vendors
-
3.3 Competitive Landscape Analysis of Different Types
-
3.4 Market Size of Cleaning Sweeper by Major Types
3.4.1 Market Size and Growth Rate of Heavy Duty
3.4.2 Market Size and Growth Rate of Medium Duty
3.4.3 Market Size and Growth Rate of Light Duty
4 Segmentation of Cleaning Sweeper Market by End-Users
-
4.1 Downstream Client Analysis by End-Users
-
4.2 Competitive Landscape Analysis of Different End-Users
-
4.3 Market Potential Analysis of Different End-Users
-
4.4 Market Size of Cleaning Sweeper by Major End-Users
4.4.1 Market Size and Growth Rate of Cleaning Sweeper in Urban Road
4.4.2 Market Size and Growth Rate of Cleaning Sweeper in Highway
4.4.3 Market Size and Growth Rate of Cleaning Sweeper in Airport
4.4.4 Market Size and Growth Rate of Cleaning Sweeper in Others
5 Market Analysis by Regions
-
5.1 Japan Cleaning Sweeper Production Analysis by Regions
-
5.2 Japan Cleaning Sweeper Consumption Analysis by Regions
6 Hokkaido Cleaning Sweeper Landscape Analysis
-
6.1 Hokkaido Cleaning Sweeper Landscape Analysis by Major Types
-
6.2 Hokkaido Cleaning Sweeper Landscape Analysis by Major End-Users
7 Tohoku Cleaning Sweeper Landscape Analysis
-
7.1 Tohoku Cleaning Sweeper Landscape Analysis by Major Types
-
7.2 Tohoku Cleaning Sweeper Landscape Analysis by Major End-Users
8 Kanto Cleaning Sweeper Landscape Analysis
-
8.1 Kanto Cleaning Sweeper Landscape Analysis by Major Types
-
8.2 Kanto Cleaning Sweeper Landscape Analysis by Major End-Users
9 Chubu Cleaning Sweeper Landscape Analysis
-
9.1 Chubu Cleaning Sweeper Landscape Analysis by Major Types
-
9.2 Chubu Cleaning Sweeper Landscape Analysis by Major End-Users
10 Kinki Cleaning Sweeper Landscape Analysis
-
10.1 Kinki Cleaning Sweeper Landscape Analysis by Major Types
-
10.2 Kinki Cleaning Sweeper Landscape Analysis by Major End-Users
11 Chugoku Cleaning Sweeper Landscape Analysis
-
11.1 Chugoku Cleaning Sweeper Landscape Analysis by Major Types
-
11.2 Chugoku Cleaning Sweeper Landscape Analysis by Major End-Users
12 Shikoku Cleaning Sweeper Landscape Analysis
-
12.1 Shikoku Cleaning Sweeper Landscape Analysis by Major Types
-
12.2 Shikoku Cleaning Sweeper Landscape Analysis by Major End-Users
13 Kyushu Cleaning Sweeper Landscape Analysis
-
13.1 Kyushu Cleaning Sweeper Landscape Analysis by Major Types
-
13.2 Kyushu Cleaning Sweeper Landscape Analysis by Major End-Users
14 Major Players Profiles
14.1 Elgin
14.1.1 Elgin Company Profile and Recent Development
14.1.2 Market Performance
14.1.3 Product and Service Introduction
14.2 Madvac Exprolink
14.2.1 Madvac Exprolink Company Profile and Recent Development
14.2.2 Market Performance
14.2.3 Product and Service Introduction
14.3 Aebi Schmidt
14.3.1 Aebi Schmidt Company Profile and Recent Development
14.3.2 Market Performance
14.3.3 Product and Service Introduction
14.4 Bucher (Johnston)
14.4.1 Bucher (Johnston) Company Profile and Recent Development
14.4.2 Market Performance
14.4.3 Product and Service Introduction
14.5 FAUN
14.5.1 FAUN Company Profile and Recent Development
14.5.2 Market Performance
14.5.3 Product and Service Introduction
14.6 Tennant
14.6.1 Tennant Company Profile and Recent Development
14.6.2 Market Performance
14.6.3 Product and Service Introduction
14.7 Dulevo
14.7.1 Dulevo Company Profile and Recent Development
14.7.2 Market Performance
14.7.3 Product and Service Introduction
14.8 TYMCO
14.8.1 TYMCO Company Profile and Recent Development
14.8.2 Market Performance
14.8.3 Product and Service Introduction
14.9 KATO
14.9.1 KATO Company Profile and Recent Development
14.9.2 Market Performance
14.9.3 Product and Service Introduction
14.10 Boschung
14.10.1 Boschung Company Profile and Recent Development
14.10.2 Market Performance
14.10.3 Product and Service Introduction
14.11 Alamo Group
14.11.1 Alamo Group Company Profile and Recent Development
14.11.2 Market Performance
14.11.3 Product and Service Introduction
14.12 Global Sweeper
14.12.1 Global Sweeper Company Profile and Recent Development
14.12.2 Market Performance
14.12.3 Product and Service Introduction
14.13 FAYAT GROUP
14.13.1 FAYAT GROUP Company Profile and Recent Development
14.13.2 Market Performance
14.13.3 Product and Service Introduction
14.14 Alfred Karcher
14.14.1 Alfred Karcher Company Profile and Recent Development
14.14.2 Market Performance
14.14.3 Product and Service Introduction
14.15 Hako
14.15.1 Hako Company Profile and Recent Development
14.15.2 Market Performance
14.15.3 Product and Service Introduction
The List of Tables and Figures (Totals 90 Figures and 185 Tables)
Figure Japan Cleaning Sweeper Market Size and Growth Rate of Heavy Duty from 2014 to 2026
Figure Japan Cleaning Sweeper Market Size and Growth Rate of Medium Duty from 2014 to 2026
Figure Japan Cleaning Sweeper Market Size and Growth Rate of Light Duty from 2014 to 2026
-
Figure Market Share by Type in 2014
-
Figure Market Share by Type in 2018
-
Figure Market Share by Type in 2026
Figure Japan Cleaning Sweeper Market Size and Growth Rate of Urban Road from 2014 to 2026
Figure Japan Cleaning Sweeper Market Size and Growth Rate of Highway from 2014 to 2026
Figure Japan Cleaning Sweeper Market Size and Growth Rate of Airport from 2014 to 2026
Figure Japan Cleaning Sweeper Market Size and Growth Rate of Others from 2014 to 2026
-
Figure Market Share by End-User in 2014
-
Figure Market Share by End-User in 2018
-
Figure Market Share by End-User in 2026
-
Figure Hokkaido Cleaning Sweeper Consumption Market Size and Growth Rate from 2014 to 2026
-
Figure Tohoku Cleaning Sweeper Consumption Market Size and Growth Rate from 2014 to 2026
-
Figure Kanto Cleaning Sweeper Consumption Market Size and Growth Rate from 2014 to 2026
-
Figure Chubu Cleaning Sweeper Consumption Market Size and Growth Rate from 2014 to 2026
-
Figure Kinki Cleaning Sweeper Consumption Market Size and Growth Rate from 2014 to 2026
-
Figure Chugoku Cleaning Sweeper Consumption Market Size and Growth Rate from 2014 to 2026
-
Figure Shikoku Cleaning Sweeper Consumption Market Size and Growth Rate from 2014 to 2026
-
Figure Kyushu Cleaning Sweeper Consumption Market Size and Growth Rate from 2014 to 2026
-
Figure Development Trends and Industry Dynamics of Cleaning Sweeper Industry
-
Figure Market Challenges and Restraints
-
Figure Market Opportunities and Potentials
-
Table Mergers and Acquisition
-
Figure Market Share of TOP 3 Players in 2018
-
Figure Market Share of TOP 5 Players in 2018
-
Figure Market Share of TOP 6 Players from 2014 to 2019
-
Figure Porter's Five Forces Analysis
-
Figure New Entrant SWOT Analysis
-
Table Specifications of Different Types of Cleaning Sweeper
-
Figure Development Trends of Different Types
-
Table Commercial Products Types of Major Vendors
-
Figure Competitive Landscape Analysis of Different Types
-
Table Consumption of Cleaning Sweeper by Different Types from 2014 to 2026
-
Table Consumption Share of Cleaning Sweeper by Different Types from 2014 to 2026
Figure Market Size and Growth Rate of Heavy Duty
Figure Market Size and Growth Rate of Medium Duty
Figure Market Size and Growth Rate of Light Duty
-
Table Downstream Client Analysis by End-Users
-
Figure Competitive Landscape Analysis of Different End-Users
-
Table Market Potential Analysis of Different End-Users
-
Table Consumption of Cleaning Sweeper by Different End-Users from 2014 to 2026
-
Table Consumption Share of Cleaning Sweeper by Different End-Users from 2014 to 2026
Figure Japan Cleaning Sweeper Market Size and Growth Rate of Urban Road from 2014 to 2026
Figure Japan Cleaning Sweeper Market Size and Growth Rate of Highway from 2014 to 2026
Figure Japan Cleaning Sweeper Market Size and Growth Rate of Airport from 2014 to 2026
Figure Japan Cleaning Sweeper Market Size and Growth Rate of Others from 2014 to 2026
-
Table Japan Cleaning Sweeper Production by Regions
-
Table Japan Cleaning Sweeper Production Share by Regions
-
Figure Japan Cleaning Sweeper Production Share by Regions in 2014
-
Figure Japan Cleaning Sweeper Production Share by Regions in 2018
-
Figure Japan Cleaning Sweeper Production Share by Regions in 2026
-
Table Japan Cleaning Sweeper Consumption by Regions
-
Table Japan Cleaning Sweeper Consumption Share by Regions
-
Figure Japan Cleaning Sweeper Consumption Share by Regions in 2014
-
Figure Japan Cleaning Sweeper Consumption Share by Regions in 2018
-
Figure Japan Cleaning Sweeper Consumption Share by Regions in 2026
-
Table Hokkaido Cleaning Sweeper Consumption by Types from 2014 to 2026
-
Table Hokkaido Cleaning Sweeper Consumption Share by Types from 2014 to 2026
-
Figure Hokkaido Cleaning Sweeper Consumption Share by Types in 2014
-
Figure Hokkaido Cleaning Sweeper Consumption Share by Types in 2018
-
Figure Hokkaido Cleaning Sweeper Consumption Share by Types in 2026
-
Table Hokkaido Cleaning Sweeper Consumption by End-Users from 2014 to 2026
-
Table Hokkaido Cleaning Sweeper Consumption Share by End-Users from 2014 to 2026
-
Figure Hokkaido Cleaning Sweeper Consumption Share by End-Users in 2014
-
Figure Hokkaido Cleaning Sweeper Consumption Share by End-Users in 2018
-
Figure Hokkaido Cleaning Sweeper Consumption Share by End-Users in 2026
-
Table Tohoku Cleaning Sweeper Consumption by Types from 2014 to 2026
-
Table Tohoku Cleaning Sweeper Consumption Share by Types from 2014 to 2026
-
Figure Tohoku Cleaning Sweeper Consumption Share by Types in 2014
-
Figure Tohoku Cleaning Sweeper Consumption Share by Types in 2018
-
Figure Tohoku Cleaning Sweeper Consumption Share by Types in 2026
-
Table Tohoku Cleaning Sweeper Consumption by End-Users from 2014 to 2026
-
Table Tohoku Cleaning Sweeper Consumption Share by End-Users from 2014 to 2026
-
Figure Tohoku Cleaning Sweeper Consumption Share by End-Users in 2014
-
Figure Tohoku Cleaning Sweeper Consumption Share by End-Users in 2018
-
Figure Tohoku Cleaning Sweeper Consumption Share by End-Users in 2026
-
Table Kanto Cleaning Sweeper Consumption by Types from 2014 to 2026
-
Table Kanto Cleaning Sweeper Consumption Share by Types from 2014 to 2026
-
Figure Kanto Cleaning Sweeper Consumption Share by Types in 2014
-
Figure Kanto Cleaning Sweeper Consumption Share by Types in 2018
-
Figure Kanto Cleaning Sweeper Consumption Share by Types in 2026
-
Table Kanto Cleaning Sweeper Consumption by End-Users from 2014 to 2026
-
Table Kanto Cleaning Sweeper Consumption Share by End-Users from 2014 to 2026
-
Figure Kanto Cleaning Sweeper Consumption Share by End-Users in 2014
-
Figure Kanto Cleaning Sweeper Consumption Share by End-Users in 2018
-
Figure Kanto Cleaning Sweeper Consumption Share by End-Users in 2026
-
Table Chubu Cleaning Sweeper Consumption by Types from 2014 to 2026
-
Table Chubu Cleaning Sweeper Consumption Share by Types from 2014 to 2026
-
Figure Chubu Cleaning Sweeper Consumption Share by Types in 2014
-
Figure Chubu Cleaning Sweeper Consumption Share by Types in 2018
-
Figure Chubu Cleaning Sweeper Consumption Share by Types in 2026
-
Table Chubu Cleaning Sweeper Consumption by End-Users from 2014 to 2026
-
Table Chubu Cleaning Sweeper Consumption Share by End-Users from 2014 to 2026
-
Figure Chubu Cleaning Sweeper Consumption Share by End-Users in 2014
-
Figure Chubu Cleaning Sweeper Consumption Share by End-Users in 2018
-
Figure Chubu Cleaning Sweeper Consumption Share by End-Users in 2026
-
Table Kinki Cleaning Sweeper Consumption by Types from 2014 to 2026
-
Table Kinki Cleaning Sweeper Consumption Share by Types from 2014 to 2026
-
Figure Kinki Cleaning Sweeper Consumption Share by Types in 2014
-
Figure Kinki Cleaning Sweeper Consumption Share by Types in 2018
-
Figure Kinki Cleaning Sweeper Consumption Share by Types in 2026
-
Table Kinki Cleaning Sweeper Consumption by End-Users from 2014 to 2026
-
Table Kinki Cleaning Sweeper Consumption Share by End-Users from 2014 to 2026
-
Figure Kinki Cleaning Sweeper Consumption Share by End-Users in 2014
-
Figure Kinki Cleaning Sweeper Consumption Share by End-Users in 2018
-
Figure Kinki Cleaning Sweeper Consumption Share by End-Users in 2026
-
Table Chugoku Cleaning Sweeper Consumption by Types from 2014 to 2026
-
Table Chugoku Cleaning Sweeper Consumption Share by Types from 2014 to 2026
-
Figure Chugoku Cleaning Sweeper Consumption Share by Types in 2014
-
Figure Chugoku Cleaning Sweeper Consumption Share by Types in 2018
-
Figure Chugoku Cleaning Sweeper Consumption Share by Types in 2026
-
Table Chugoku Cleaning Sweeper Consumption by End-Users from 2014 to 2026
-
Table Chugoku Cleaning Sweeper Consumption Share by End-Users from 2014 to 2026
-
Figure Chugoku Cleaning Sweeper Consumption Share by End-Users in 2014
-
Figure Chugoku Cleaning Sweeper Consumption Share by End-Users in 2018
-
Figure Chugoku Cleaning Sweeper Consumption Share by End-Users in 2026
-
Table Shikoku Cleaning Sweeper Consumption by Types from 2014 to 2026
-
Table Shikoku Cleaning Sweeper Consumption Share by Types from 2014 to 2026
-
Figure Shikoku Cleaning Sweeper Consumption Share by Types in 2014
-
Figure Shikoku Cleaning Sweeper Consumption Share by Types in 2018
-
Figure Shikoku Cleaning Sweeper Consumption Share by Types in 2026
-
Table Shikoku Cleaning Sweeper Consumption by End-Users from 2014 to 2026
-
Table Shikoku Cleaning Sweeper Consumption Share by End-Users from 2014 to 2026
-
Figure Shikoku Cleaning Sweeper Consumption Share by End-Users in 2014
-
Figure Shikoku Cleaning Sweeper Consumption Share by End-Users in 2018
-
Figure Shikoku Cleaning Sweeper Consumption Share by End-Users in 2026
-
Table Kyushu Cleaning Sweeper Consumption by Types from 2014 to 2026
-
Table Kyushu Cleaning Sweeper Consumption Share by Types from 2014 to 2026
-
Figure Kyushu Cleaning Sweeper Consumption Share by Types in 2014
-
Figure Kyushu Cleaning Sweeper Consumption Share by Types in 2018
-
Figure Kyushu Cleaning Sweeper Consumption Share by Types in 2026
-
Table Kyushu Cleaning Sweeper Consumption by End-Users from 2014 to 2026
-
Table Kyushu Cleaning Sweeper Consumption Share by End-Users from 2014 to 2026
-
Figure Kyushu Cleaning Sweeper Consumption Share by End-Users in 2014
-
Figure Kyushu Cleaning Sweeper Consumption Share by End-Users in 2018
-
Figure Kyushu Cleaning Sweeper Consumption Share by End-Users in 2026
Table Company Profile and Development Status of Elgin
Table Sales, Revenue, Sales Price and Gross Margin Analysis of Elgin
Figure Sales and Growth Rate Analysis of Elgin
Figure Revenue and Market Share Analysis of Elgin
Table Product and Service Introduction of Elgin
Table Company Profile and Development Status of Madvac Exprolink
Table Sales, Revenue, Sales Price and Gross Margin Analysis of Madvac Exprolink
Figure Sales and Growth Rate Analysis of Madvac Exprolink
Figure Revenue and Market Share Analysis of Madvac Exprolink
Table Product and Service Introduction of Madvac Exprolink
Table Company Profile and Development Status of Aebi Schmidt
Table Sales, Revenue, Sales Price and Gross Margin Analysis of Aebi Schmidt
Figure Sales and Growth Rate Analysis of Aebi Schmidt
Figure Revenue and Market Share Analysis of Aebi Schmidt
Table Product and Service Introduction of Aebi Schmidt
Table Company Profile and Development Status of Bucher (Johnston)
Table Sales, Revenue, Sales Price and Gross Margin Analysis of Bucher (Johnston)
Figure Sales and Growth Rate Analysis of Bucher (Johnston)
Figure Revenue and Market Share Analysis of Bucher (Johnston)
Table Product and Service Introduction of Bucher (Johnston)
Table Company Profile and Development Status of FAUN
Table Sales, Revenue, Sales Price and Gross Margin Analysis of FAUN
Figure Sales and Growth Rate Analysis of FAUN
Figure Revenue and Market Share Analysis of FAUN
Table Product and Service Introduction of FAUN
Table Company Profile and Development Status of Tennant
Table Sales, Revenue, Sales Price and Gross Margin Analysis of Tennant
Figure Sales and Growth Rate Analysis of Tennant
Figure Revenue and Market Share Analysis of Tennant
Table Product and Service Introduction of Tennant
Table Company Profile and Development Status of Dulevo
Table Sales, Revenue, Sales Price and Gross Margin Analysis of Dulevo
Figure Sales and Growth Rate Analysis of Dulevo
Figure Revenue and Market Share Analysis of Dulevo
Table Product and Service Introduction of Dulevo
Table Company Profile and Development Status of TYMCO
Table Sales, Revenue, Sales Price and Gross Margin Analysis of TYMCO
Figure Sales and Growth Rate Analysis of TYMCO
Figure Revenue and Market Share Analysis of TYMCO
Table Product and Service Introduction of TYMCO
Table Company Profile and Development Status of KATO
Table Sales, Revenue, Sales Price and Gross Margin Analysis of KATO
Figure Sales and Growth Rate Analysis of KATO
Figure Revenue and Market Share Analysis of KATO
Table Product and Service Introduction of KATO
Table Company Profile and Development Status of Boschung
Table Sales, Revenue, Sales Price and Gross Margin Analysis of Boschung
Figure Sales and Growth Rate Analysis of Boschung
Figure Revenue and Market Share Analysis of Boschung
Table Product and Service Introduction of Boschung
Table Company Profile and Development Status of Alamo Group
Table Sales, Revenue, Sales Price and Gross Margin Analysis of Alamo Group
Figure Sales and Growth Rate Analysis of Alamo Group
Figure Revenue and Market Share Analysis of Alamo Group
Table Product and Service Introduction of Alamo Group
Table Company Profile and Development Status of Global Sweeper
Table Sales, Revenue, Sales Price and Gross Margin Analysis of Global Sweeper
Figure Sales and Growth Rate Analysis of Global Sweeper
Figure Revenue and Market Share Analysis of Global Sweeper
Table Product and Service Introduction of Global Sweeper
Table Company Profile and Development Status of FAYAT GROUP
Table Sales, Revenue, Sales Price and Gross Margin Analysis of FAYAT GROUP
Figure Sales and Growth Rate Analysis of FAYAT GROUP
Figure Revenue and Market Share Analysis of FAYAT GROUP
Table Product and Service Introduction of FAYAT GROUP
Table Company Profile and Development Status of Alfred Karcher
Table Sales, Revenue, Sales Price and Gross Margin Analysis of Alfred Karcher
Figure Sales and Growth Rate Analysis of Alfred Karcher
Figure Revenue and Market Share Analysis of Alfred Karcher
Table Product and Service Introduction of Alfred Karcher
Table Company Profile and Development Status of Hako
Table Sales, Revenue, Sales Price and Gross Margin Analysis of Hako
Figure Sales and Growth Rate Analysis of Hako
Figure Revenue and Market Share Analysis of Hako
Table Product and Service Introduction of Hako
-