- REPORT SUMMARY
- TABLE OF CONTENTS
-
This report offers an overview of the market trends, drivers, and barriers with respect to the Japan Desktop Raman Spectrometer market. It also provides a detailed overview of the market of different regions across Hokkaido, Tohoku, Kanto, Chubu, Kinki, Chugoku, Shikoku, Kyushu. The report deep analyzes type and application in Japan Desktop Raman Spectrometer market. Detailed analysis of key players, along with key growth strategies adopted by Desktop Raman Spectrometer industry, the PEST and SWOT analysis are also included. In short, the report will provide a comprehensive view of the industry's development and features.
By Player:
Thermo Fisher Scientific
Bwtek
Horiba Jobin Yvon
Rigaku
Metrohm Raman
JASCO
TSI
Ocean Optics
Smiths Detection
HORIBA Group
Kaiser Optical
By Type:
Pharmaceutical/Cosmetics
Biology/Life Science
Polymers
Semiconductors
Others
By End-User:
End-Users 1
End-Users 2
End-Users 3
By Region:
-
Hokkaido
-
Tohoku
-
Kanto
-
Chubu
-
Kinki
-
Chugoku
-
Shikoku
-
Kyushu
1 Report Overview
-
1.1 Product Definition and Scope
-
1.2 PEST (Political, Economic, Social and Technological) Analysis of Desktop Raman Spectrometer Market
-
1.3 Market Segment by Type
1.3.1 Japan Desktop Raman Spectrometer Market Size and Growth Rate of Pharmaceutical/Cosmetics from 2014 to 2026
1.3.2 Japan Desktop Raman Spectrometer Market Size and Growth Rate of Biology/Life Science from 2014 to 2026
1.3.3 Japan Desktop Raman Spectrometer Market Size and Growth Rate of Polymers from 2014 to 2026
1.3.4 Japan Desktop Raman Spectrometer Market Size and Growth Rate of Semiconductors from 2014 to 2026
1.3.5 Japan Desktop Raman Spectrometer Market Size and Growth Rate of Others from 2014 to 2026
-
1.4 Market Segment by Application
1.4.1 Japan Desktop Raman Spectrometer Market Size and Growth Rate of Application 1 from 2014 to 2026
1.4.2 Japan Desktop Raman Spectrometer Market Size and Growth Rate of Application 2 from 2014 to 2026
1.4.3 Japan Desktop Raman Spectrometer Market Size and Growth Rate of Application 3 from 2014 to 2026
-
1.5 Market Segment by Regions
-
1.5.1 Hokkaido Desktop Raman Spectrometer Consumption Market Size and Growth Rate from 2014 to 2026
-
1.5.2 Tohoku Desktop Raman Spectrometer Consumption Market Size and Growth Rate from 2014 to 2026
-
1.5.3 Kanto Desktop Raman Spectrometer Consumption Market Size and Growth Rate from 2014 to 2026
-
1.5.4 Chubu Desktop Raman Spectrometer Consumption Market Size and Growth Rate from 2014 to 2026
-
1.5.5 Kinki Desktop Raman Spectrometer Consumption Market Size and Growth Rate from 2014 to 2026
-
1.5.6 Chugoku Desktop Raman Spectrometer Consumption Market Size and Growth Rate from 2014 to 2026
-
1.5.7 Shikoku Desktop Raman Spectrometer Consumption Market Size and Growth Rate from 2014 to 2026
-
1.5.8 Kyushu Desktop Raman Spectrometer Consumption Market Size and Growth Rate from 2014 to 2026
2 Market Trends and Competitive Landscape
-
2.1 Market Trends and Dynamics
-
2.1.1 Market Challenges and Restraints
-
2.1.2 Market Opportunities and Potentials
-
2.1.3 Mergers and Acquisitions
-
2.2 Competitive Landscape Analysis
-
2.2.1 Industrial Concentration Analysis
-
2.2.2 Porter's Five Forces Analysis of the Industry
-
2.2.3 SWOT Analysis for New Entrants
3 Segmentation of Desktop Raman Spectrometer Market by Types
-
3.1 Products Development Trends of Different Types
-
3.2 Commercial Products Types of Major Vendors
-
3.3 Competitive Landscape Analysis of Different Types
-
3.4 Market Size of Desktop Raman Spectrometer by Major Types
3.4.1 Market Size and Growth Rate of Pharmaceutical/Cosmetics
3.4.2 Market Size and Growth Rate of Biology/Life Science
3.4.3 Market Size and Growth Rate of Polymers
3.4.4 Market Size and Growth Rate of Semiconductors
3.4.5 Market Size and Growth Rate of Others
4 Segmentation of Desktop Raman Spectrometer Market by End-Users
-
4.1 Downstream Client Analysis by End-Users
-
4.2 Competitive Landscape Analysis of Different End-Users
-
4.3 Market Potential Analysis of Different End-Users
-
4.4 Market Size of Desktop Raman Spectrometer by Major End-Users
4.4.1 Market Size and Growth Rate of Desktop Raman Spectrometer in Application 1
4.4.2 Market Size and Growth Rate of Desktop Raman Spectrometer in Application 2
4.4.3 Market Size and Growth Rate of Desktop Raman Spectrometer in Application 3
5 Market Analysis by Regions
-
5.1 Japan Desktop Raman Spectrometer Production Analysis by Regions
-
5.2 Japan Desktop Raman Spectrometer Consumption Analysis by Regions
6 Hokkaido Desktop Raman Spectrometer Landscape Analysis
-
6.1 Hokkaido Desktop Raman Spectrometer Landscape Analysis by Major Types
-
6.2 Hokkaido Desktop Raman Spectrometer Landscape Analysis by Major End-Users
7 Tohoku Desktop Raman Spectrometer Landscape Analysis
-
7.1 Tohoku Desktop Raman Spectrometer Landscape Analysis by Major Types
-
7.2 Tohoku Desktop Raman Spectrometer Landscape Analysis by Major End-Users
8 Kanto Desktop Raman Spectrometer Landscape Analysis
-
8.1 Kanto Desktop Raman Spectrometer Landscape Analysis by Major Types
-
8.2 Kanto Desktop Raman Spectrometer Landscape Analysis by Major End-Users
9 Chubu Desktop Raman Spectrometer Landscape Analysis
-
9.1 Chubu Desktop Raman Spectrometer Landscape Analysis by Major Types
-
9.2 Chubu Desktop Raman Spectrometer Landscape Analysis by Major End-Users
10 Kinki Desktop Raman Spectrometer Landscape Analysis
-
10.1 Kinki Desktop Raman Spectrometer Landscape Analysis by Major Types
-
10.2 Kinki Desktop Raman Spectrometer Landscape Analysis by Major End-Users
11 Chugoku Desktop Raman Spectrometer Landscape Analysis
-
11.1 Chugoku Desktop Raman Spectrometer Landscape Analysis by Major Types
-
11.2 Chugoku Desktop Raman Spectrometer Landscape Analysis by Major End-Users
12 Shikoku Desktop Raman Spectrometer Landscape Analysis
-
12.1 Shikoku Desktop Raman Spectrometer Landscape Analysis by Major Types
-
12.2 Shikoku Desktop Raman Spectrometer Landscape Analysis by Major End-Users
13 Kyushu Desktop Raman Spectrometer Landscape Analysis
-
13.1 Kyushu Desktop Raman Spectrometer Landscape Analysis by Major Types
-
13.2 Kyushu Desktop Raman Spectrometer Landscape Analysis by Major End-Users
14 Major Players Profiles
14.1 Thermo Fisher Scientific
14.1.1 Thermo Fisher Scientific Company Profile and Recent Development
14.1.2 Market Performance
14.1.3 Product and Service Introduction
14.2 Bwtek
14.2.1 Bwtek Company Profile and Recent Development
14.2.2 Market Performance
14.2.3 Product and Service Introduction
14.3 Horiba Jobin Yvon
14.3.1 Horiba Jobin Yvon Company Profile and Recent Development
14.3.2 Market Performance
14.3.3 Product and Service Introduction
14.4 Rigaku
14.4.1 Rigaku Company Profile and Recent Development
14.4.2 Market Performance
14.4.3 Product and Service Introduction
14.5 Metrohm Raman
14.5.1 Metrohm Raman Company Profile and Recent Development
14.5.2 Market Performance
14.5.3 Product and Service Introduction
14.6 JASCO
14.6.1 JASCO Company Profile and Recent Development
14.6.2 Market Performance
14.6.3 Product and Service Introduction
14.7 TSI
14.7.1 TSI Company Profile and Recent Development
14.7.2 Market Performance
14.7.3 Product and Service Introduction
14.8 Ocean Optics
14.8.1 Ocean Optics Company Profile and Recent Development
14.8.2 Market Performance
14.8.3 Product and Service Introduction
14.9 Smiths Detection
14.9.1 Smiths Detection Company Profile and Recent Development
14.9.2 Market Performance
14.9.3 Product and Service Introduction
14.10 HORIBA Group
14.10.1 HORIBA Group Company Profile and Recent Development
14.10.2 Market Performance
14.10.3 Product and Service Introduction
14.11 Kaiser Optical
14.11.1 Kaiser Optical Company Profile and Recent Development
14.11.2 Market Performance
14.11.3 Product and Service Introduction
The List of Tables and Figures (Totals 113 Figures and 183 Tables)
Figure Japan Desktop Raman Spectrometer Market Size and Growth Rate of Pharmaceutical/Cosmetics from 2014 to 2026
Figure Japan Desktop Raman Spectrometer Market Size and Growth Rate of Biology/Life Science from 2014 to 2026
Figure Japan Desktop Raman Spectrometer Market Size and Growth Rate of Polymers from 2014 to 2026
Figure Japan Desktop Raman Spectrometer Market Size and Growth Rate of Semiconductors from 2014 to 2026
Figure Japan Desktop Raman Spectrometer Market Size and Growth Rate of Others from 2014 to 2026
-
Figure Market Share by Type in 2014
-
Figure Market Share by Type in 2018
-
Figure Market Share by Type in 2026
Figure Japan Desktop Raman Spectrometer Market Size and Growth Rate of Application 1 from 2014 to 2026
Figure Japan Desktop Raman Spectrometer Market Size and Growth Rate of Application 2 from 2014 to 2026
Figure Japan Desktop Raman Spectrometer Market Size and Growth Rate of Application 3 from 2014 to 2026
-
Figure Market Share by End-User in 2014
-
Figure Market Share by End-User in 2018
-
Figure Market Share by End-User in 2026
-
Figure Hokkaido Desktop Raman Spectrometer Consumption Market Size and Growth Rate from 2014 to 2026
-
Figure Tohoku Desktop Raman Spectrometer Consumption Market Size and Growth Rate from 2014 to 2026
-
Figure Kanto Desktop Raman Spectrometer Consumption Market Size and Growth Rate from 2014 to 2026
-
Figure Chubu Desktop Raman Spectrometer Consumption Market Size and Growth Rate from 2014 to 2026
-
Figure Kinki Desktop Raman Spectrometer Consumption Market Size and Growth Rate from 2014 to 2026
-
Figure Chugoku Desktop Raman Spectrometer Consumption Market Size and Growth Rate from 2014 to 2026
-
Figure Shikoku Desktop Raman Spectrometer Consumption Market Size and Growth Rate from 2014 to 2026
-
Figure Kyushu Desktop Raman Spectrometer Consumption Market Size and Growth Rate from 2014 to 2026
-
Figure Development Trends and Industry Dynamics of Desktop Raman Spectrometer Industry
-
Figure Market Challenges and Restraints
-
Figure Market Opportunities and Potentials
-
Table Mergers and Acquisition
-
Figure Market Share of TOP 3 Players in 2018
-
Figure Market Share of TOP 5 Players in 2018
-
Figure Market Share of TOP 6 Players from 2014 to 2019
-
Figure Porter's Five Forces Analysis
-
Figure New Entrant SWOT Analysis
-
Table Specifications of Different Types of Desktop Raman Spectrometer
-
Figure Development Trends of Different Types
-
Table Commercial Products Types of Major Vendors
-
Figure Competitive Landscape Analysis of Different Types
-
Table Consumption of Desktop Raman Spectrometer by Different Types from 2014 to 2026
-
Table Consumption Share of Desktop Raman Spectrometer by Different Types from 2014 to 2026
Figure Market Size and Growth Rate of Pharmaceutical/Cosmetics
Figure Market Size and Growth Rate of Biology/Life Science
Figure Market Size and Growth Rate of Polymers
Figure Market Size and Growth Rate of Semiconductors
Figure Market Size and Growth Rate of Others
-
Table Downstream Client Analysis by End-Users
-
Figure Competitive Landscape Analysis of Different End-Users
-
Table Market Potential Analysis of Different End-Users
-
Table Consumption of Desktop Raman Spectrometer by Different End-Users from 2014 to 2026
-
Table Consumption Share of Desktop Raman Spectrometer by Different End-Users from 2014 to 2026
Figure Japan Desktop Raman Spectrometer Market Size and Growth Rate of Application 1 from 2014 to 2026
Figure Japan Desktop Raman Spectrometer Market Size and Growth Rate of Application 2 from 2014 to 2026
Figure Japan Desktop Raman Spectrometer Market Size and Growth Rate of Application 3 from 2014 to 2026
-
Table Japan Desktop Raman Spectrometer Production by Regions
-
Table Japan Desktop Raman Spectrometer Production Share by Regions
-
Figure Japan Desktop Raman Spectrometer Production Share by Regions in 2014
-
Figure Japan Desktop Raman Spectrometer Production Share by Regions in 2018
-
Figure Japan Desktop Raman Spectrometer Production Share by Regions in 2026
-
Table Japan Desktop Raman Spectrometer Consumption by Regions
-
Table Japan Desktop Raman Spectrometer Consumption Share by Regions
-
Figure Japan Desktop Raman Spectrometer Consumption Share by Regions in 2014
-
Figure Japan Desktop Raman Spectrometer Consumption Share by Regions in 2018
-
Figure Japan Desktop Raman Spectrometer Consumption Share by Regions in 2026
-
Table Hokkaido Desktop Raman Spectrometer Consumption by Types from 2014 to 2026
-
Table Hokkaido Desktop Raman Spectrometer Consumption Share by Types from 2014 to 2026
-
Figure Hokkaido Desktop Raman Spectrometer Consumption Share by Types in 2014
-
Figure Hokkaido Desktop Raman Spectrometer Consumption Share by Types in 2018
-
Figure Hokkaido Desktop Raman Spectrometer Consumption Share by Types in 2026
-
Table Hokkaido Desktop Raman Spectrometer Consumption by End-Users from 2014 to 2026
-
Table Hokkaido Desktop Raman Spectrometer Consumption Share by End-Users from 2014 to 2026
-
Figure Hokkaido Desktop Raman Spectrometer Consumption Share by End-Users in 2014
-
Figure Hokkaido Desktop Raman Spectrometer Consumption Share by End-Users in 2018
-
Figure Hokkaido Desktop Raman Spectrometer Consumption Share by End-Users in 2026
-
Table Tohoku Desktop Raman Spectrometer Consumption by Types from 2014 to 2026
-
Table Tohoku Desktop Raman Spectrometer Consumption Share by Types from 2014 to 2026
-
Figure Tohoku Desktop Raman Spectrometer Consumption Share by Types in 2014
-
Figure Tohoku Desktop Raman Spectrometer Consumption Share by Types in 2018
-
Figure Tohoku Desktop Raman Spectrometer Consumption Share by Types in 2026
-
Table Tohoku Desktop Raman Spectrometer Consumption by End-Users from 2014 to 2026
-
Table Tohoku Desktop Raman Spectrometer Consumption Share by End-Users from 2014 to 2026
-
Figure Tohoku Desktop Raman Spectrometer Consumption Share by End-Users in 2014
-
Figure Tohoku Desktop Raman Spectrometer Consumption Share by End-Users in 2018
-
Figure Tohoku Desktop Raman Spectrometer Consumption Share by End-Users in 2026
-
Table Kanto Desktop Raman Spectrometer Consumption by Types from 2014 to 2026
-
Table Kanto Desktop Raman Spectrometer Consumption Share by Types from 2014 to 2026
-
Figure Kanto Desktop Raman Spectrometer Consumption Share by Types in 2014
-
Figure Kanto Desktop Raman Spectrometer Consumption Share by Types in 2018
-
Figure Kanto Desktop Raman Spectrometer Consumption Share by Types in 2026
-
Table Kanto Desktop Raman Spectrometer Consumption by End-Users from 2014 to 2026
-
Table Kanto Desktop Raman Spectrometer Consumption Share by End-Users from 2014 to 2026
-
Figure Kanto Desktop Raman Spectrometer Consumption Share by End-Users in 2014
-
Figure Kanto Desktop Raman Spectrometer Consumption Share by End-Users in 2018
-
Figure Kanto Desktop Raman Spectrometer Consumption Share by End-Users in 2026
-
Table Chubu Desktop Raman Spectrometer Consumption by Types from 2014 to 2026
-
Table Chubu Desktop Raman Spectrometer Consumption Share by Types from 2014 to 2026
-
Figure Chubu Desktop Raman Spectrometer Consumption Share by Types in 2014
-
Figure Chubu Desktop Raman Spectrometer Consumption Share by Types in 2018
-
Figure Chubu Desktop Raman Spectrometer Consumption Share by Types in 2026
-
Table Chubu Desktop Raman Spectrometer Consumption by End-Users from 2014 to 2026
-
Table Chubu Desktop Raman Spectrometer Consumption Share by End-Users from 2014 to 2026
-
Figure Chubu Desktop Raman Spectrometer Consumption Share by End-Users in 2014
-
Figure Chubu Desktop Raman Spectrometer Consumption Share by End-Users in 2018
-
Figure Chubu Desktop Raman Spectrometer Consumption Share by End-Users in 2026
-
Table Kinki Desktop Raman Spectrometer Consumption by Types from 2014 to 2026
-
Table Kinki Desktop Raman Spectrometer Consumption Share by Types from 2014 to 2026
-
Figure Kinki Desktop Raman Spectrometer Consumption Share by Types in 2014
-
Figure Kinki Desktop Raman Spectrometer Consumption Share by Types in 2018
-
Figure Kinki Desktop Raman Spectrometer Consumption Share by Types in 2026
-
Table Kinki Desktop Raman Spectrometer Consumption by End-Users from 2014 to 2026
-
Table Kinki Desktop Raman Spectrometer Consumption Share by End-Users from 2014 to 2026
-
Figure Kinki Desktop Raman Spectrometer Consumption Share by End-Users in 2014
-
Figure Kinki Desktop Raman Spectrometer Consumption Share by End-Users in 2018
-
Figure Kinki Desktop Raman Spectrometer Consumption Share by End-Users in 2026
-
Table Chugoku Desktop Raman Spectrometer Consumption by Types from 2014 to 2026
-
Table Chugoku Desktop Raman Spectrometer Consumption Share by Types from 2014 to 2026
-
Figure Chugoku Desktop Raman Spectrometer Consumption Share by Types in 2014
-
Figure Chugoku Desktop Raman Spectrometer Consumption Share by Types in 2018
-
Figure Chugoku Desktop Raman Spectrometer Consumption Share by Types in 2026
-
Table Chugoku Desktop Raman Spectrometer Consumption by End-Users from 2014 to 2026
-
Table Chugoku Desktop Raman Spectrometer Consumption Share by End-Users from 2014 to 2026
-
Figure Chugoku Desktop Raman Spectrometer Consumption Share by End-Users in 2014
-
Figure Chugoku Desktop Raman Spectrometer Consumption Share by End-Users in 2018
-
Figure Chugoku Desktop Raman Spectrometer Consumption Share by End-Users in 2026
-
Table Shikoku Desktop Raman Spectrometer Consumption by Types from 2014 to 2026
-
Table Shikoku Desktop Raman Spectrometer Consumption Share by Types from 2014 to 2026
-
Figure Shikoku Desktop Raman Spectrometer Consumption Share by Types in 2014
-
Figure Shikoku Desktop Raman Spectrometer Consumption Share by Types in 2018
-
Figure Shikoku Desktop Raman Spectrometer Consumption Share by Types in 2026
-
Table Shikoku Desktop Raman Spectrometer Consumption by End-Users from 2014 to 2026
-
Table Shikoku Desktop Raman Spectrometer Consumption Share by End-Users from 2014 to 2026
-
Figure Shikoku Desktop Raman Spectrometer Consumption Share by End-Users in 2014
-
Figure Shikoku Desktop Raman Spectrometer Consumption Share by End-Users in 2018
-
Figure Shikoku Desktop Raman Spectrometer Consumption Share by End-Users in 2026
-
Table Kyushu Desktop Raman Spectrometer Consumption by Types from 2014 to 2026
-
Table Kyushu Desktop Raman Spectrometer Consumption Share by Types from 2014 to 2026
-
Figure Kyushu Desktop Raman Spectrometer Consumption Share by Types in 2014
-
Figure Kyushu Desktop Raman Spectrometer Consumption Share by Types in 2018
-
Figure Kyushu Desktop Raman Spectrometer Consumption Share by Types in 2026
-
Table Kyushu Desktop Raman Spectrometer Consumption by End-Users from 2014 to 2026
-
Table Kyushu Desktop Raman Spectrometer Consumption Share by End-Users from 2014 to 2026
-
Figure Kyushu Desktop Raman Spectrometer Consumption Share by End-Users in 2014
-
Figure Kyushu Desktop Raman Spectrometer Consumption Share by End-Users in 2018
-
Figure Kyushu Desktop Raman Spectrometer Consumption Share by End-Users in 2026
Table Company Profile and Development Status of Thermo Fisher Scientific
Table Sales, Revenue, Sales Price and Gross Margin Analysis of Thermo Fisher Scientific
Figure Sales and Growth Rate Analysis of Thermo Fisher Scientific
Figure Revenue and Market Share Analysis of Thermo Fisher Scientific
Table Product and Service Introduction of Thermo Fisher Scientific
Table Company Profile and Development Status of Bwtek
Table Sales, Revenue, Sales Price and Gross Margin Analysis of Bwtek
Figure Sales and Growth Rate Analysis of Bwtek
Figure Revenue and Market Share Analysis of Bwtek
Table Product and Service Introduction of Bwtek
Table Company Profile and Development Status of Horiba Jobin Yvon
Table Sales, Revenue, Sales Price and Gross Margin Analysis of Horiba Jobin Yvon
Figure Sales and Growth Rate Analysis of Horiba Jobin Yvon
Figure Revenue and Market Share Analysis of Horiba Jobin Yvon
Table Product and Service Introduction of Horiba Jobin Yvon
Table Company Profile and Development Status of Rigaku
Table Sales, Revenue, Sales Price and Gross Margin Analysis of Rigaku
Figure Sales and Growth Rate Analysis of Rigaku
Figure Revenue and Market Share Analysis of Rigaku
Table Product and Service Introduction of Rigaku
Table Company Profile and Development Status of Metrohm Raman
Table Sales, Revenue, Sales Price and Gross Margin Analysis of Metrohm Raman
Figure Sales and Growth Rate Analysis of Metrohm Raman
Figure Revenue and Market Share Analysis of Metrohm Raman
Table Product and Service Introduction of Metrohm Raman
Table Company Profile and Development Status of JASCO
Table Sales, Revenue, Sales Price and Gross Margin Analysis of JASCO
Figure Sales and Growth Rate Analysis of JASCO
Figure Revenue and Market Share Analysis of JASCO
Table Product and Service Introduction of JASCO
Table Company Profile and Development Status of TSI
Table Sales, Revenue, Sales Price and Gross Margin Analysis of TSI
Figure Sales and Growth Rate Analysis of TSI
Figure Revenue and Market Share Analysis of TSI
Table Product and Service Introduction of TSI
Table Company Profile and Development Status of Ocean Optics
Table Sales, Revenue, Sales Price and Gross Margin Analysis of Ocean Optics
Figure Sales and Growth Rate Analysis of Ocean Optics
Figure Revenue and Market Share Analysis of Ocean Optics
Table Product and Service Introduction of Ocean Optics
Table Company Profile and Development Status of Smiths Detection
Table Sales, Revenue, Sales Price and Gross Margin Analysis of Smiths Detection
Figure Sales and Growth Rate Analysis of Smiths Detection
Figure Revenue and Market Share Analysis of Smiths Detection
Table Product and Service Introduction of Smiths Detection
Table Company Profile and Development Status of HORIBA Group
Table Sales, Revenue, Sales Price and Gross Margin Analysis of HORIBA Group
Figure Sales and Growth Rate Analysis of HORIBA Group
Figure Revenue and Market Share Analysis of HORIBA Group
Table Product and Service Introduction of HORIBA Group
Table Company Profile and Development Status of Kaiser Optical
Table Sales, Revenue, Sales Price and Gross Margin Analysis of Kaiser Optical
Figure Sales and Growth Rate Analysis of Kaiser Optical
Figure Revenue and Market Share Analysis of Kaiser Optical
Table Product and Service Introduction of Kaiser Optical
-