- REPORT SUMMARY
- TABLE OF CONTENTS
-
This report offers an overview of the market trends, drivers, and barriers with respect to the Japan Pp Pipe market. It also provides a detailed overview of the market of different regions across Hokkaido, Tohoku, Kanto, Chubu, Kinki, Chugoku, Shikoku, Kyushu. The report deep analyzes type and application in Japan Pp Pipe market. Detailed analysis of key players, along with key growth strategies adopted by Pp Pipe industry, the PEST and SWOT analysis are also included. In short, the report will provide a comprehensive view of the industry's development and features.
By Player:
Shree Darshan Pipes
ISCO Industries
Georg Fischer AG
Aquatherm
Aetna Plastics
Fusion Industries Limited
Borealis
SIMONA AG
Borisov plastic product plant
ASAHI ORGANIC CHEMICALS INDUSTRY
Vinidex
AGRU Kunststofftechnik GmbH
Duro Pipe
RESINTECH BERHAD
IPS
Asahi/America
By Type:
PP-H Pipe
PP-B Pipe
PP-R Pipe
By End-User:
Commercial Building
Residential Building
Other Application
By Region:
-
Hokkaido
-
Tohoku
-
Kanto
-
Chubu
-
Kinki
-
Chugoku
-
Shikoku
-
Kyushu
1 Report Overview
-
1.1 Product Definition and Scope
-
1.2 PEST (Political, Economic, Social and Technological) Analysis of Pp Pipe Market
-
1.3 Market Segment by Type
1.3.1 Japan Pp Pipe Market Size and Growth Rate of PP-H Pipe from 2014 to 2026
1.3.2 Japan Pp Pipe Market Size and Growth Rate of PP-B Pipe from 2014 to 2026
1.3.3 Japan Pp Pipe Market Size and Growth Rate of PP-R Pipe from 2014 to 2026
-
1.4 Market Segment by Application
1.4.1 Japan Pp Pipe Market Size and Growth Rate of Commercial Building from 2014 to 2026
1.4.2 Japan Pp Pipe Market Size and Growth Rate of Residential Building from 2014 to 2026
1.4.3 Japan Pp Pipe Market Size and Growth Rate of Other Application from 2014 to 2026
-
1.5 Market Segment by Regions
-
1.5.1 Hokkaido Pp Pipe Consumption Market Size and Growth Rate from 2014 to 2026
-
1.5.2 Tohoku Pp Pipe Consumption Market Size and Growth Rate from 2014 to 2026
-
1.5.3 Kanto Pp Pipe Consumption Market Size and Growth Rate from 2014 to 2026
-
1.5.4 Chubu Pp Pipe Consumption Market Size and Growth Rate from 2014 to 2026
-
1.5.5 Kinki Pp Pipe Consumption Market Size and Growth Rate from 2014 to 2026
-
1.5.6 Chugoku Pp Pipe Consumption Market Size and Growth Rate from 2014 to 2026
-
1.5.7 Shikoku Pp Pipe Consumption Market Size and Growth Rate from 2014 to 2026
-
1.5.8 Kyushu Pp Pipe Consumption Market Size and Growth Rate from 2014 to 2026
2 Market Trends and Competitive Landscape
-
2.1 Market Trends and Dynamics
-
2.1.1 Market Challenges and Restraints
-
2.1.2 Market Opportunities and Potentials
-
2.1.3 Mergers and Acquisitions
-
2.2 Competitive Landscape Analysis
-
2.2.1 Industrial Concentration Analysis
-
2.2.2 Porter's Five Forces Analysis of the Industry
-
2.2.3 SWOT Analysis for New Entrants
3 Segmentation of Pp Pipe Market by Types
-
3.1 Products Development Trends of Different Types
-
3.2 Commercial Products Types of Major Vendors
-
3.3 Competitive Landscape Analysis of Different Types
-
3.4 Market Size of Pp Pipe by Major Types
3.4.1 Market Size and Growth Rate of PP-H Pipe
3.4.2 Market Size and Growth Rate of PP-B Pipe
3.4.3 Market Size and Growth Rate of PP-R Pipe
4 Segmentation of Pp Pipe Market by End-Users
-
4.1 Downstream Client Analysis by End-Users
-
4.2 Competitive Landscape Analysis of Different End-Users
-
4.3 Market Potential Analysis of Different End-Users
-
4.4 Market Size of Pp Pipe by Major End-Users
4.4.1 Market Size and Growth Rate of Pp Pipe in Commercial Building
4.4.2 Market Size and Growth Rate of Pp Pipe in Residential Building
4.4.3 Market Size and Growth Rate of Pp Pipe in Other Application
5 Market Analysis by Regions
-
5.1 Japan Pp Pipe Production Analysis by Regions
-
5.2 Japan Pp Pipe Consumption Analysis by Regions
6 Hokkaido Pp Pipe Landscape Analysis
-
6.1 Hokkaido Pp Pipe Landscape Analysis by Major Types
-
6.2 Hokkaido Pp Pipe Landscape Analysis by Major End-Users
7 Tohoku Pp Pipe Landscape Analysis
-
7.1 Tohoku Pp Pipe Landscape Analysis by Major Types
-
7.2 Tohoku Pp Pipe Landscape Analysis by Major End-Users
8 Kanto Pp Pipe Landscape Analysis
-
8.1 Kanto Pp Pipe Landscape Analysis by Major Types
-
8.2 Kanto Pp Pipe Landscape Analysis by Major End-Users
9 Chubu Pp Pipe Landscape Analysis
-
9.1 Chubu Pp Pipe Landscape Analysis by Major Types
-
9.2 Chubu Pp Pipe Landscape Analysis by Major End-Users
10 Kinki Pp Pipe Landscape Analysis
-
10.1 Kinki Pp Pipe Landscape Analysis by Major Types
-
10.2 Kinki Pp Pipe Landscape Analysis by Major End-Users
11 Chugoku Pp Pipe Landscape Analysis
-
11.1 Chugoku Pp Pipe Landscape Analysis by Major Types
-
11.2 Chugoku Pp Pipe Landscape Analysis by Major End-Users
12 Shikoku Pp Pipe Landscape Analysis
-
12.1 Shikoku Pp Pipe Landscape Analysis by Major Types
-
12.2 Shikoku Pp Pipe Landscape Analysis by Major End-Users
13 Kyushu Pp Pipe Landscape Analysis
-
13.1 Kyushu Pp Pipe Landscape Analysis by Major Types
-
13.2 Kyushu Pp Pipe Landscape Analysis by Major End-Users
14 Major Players Profiles
14.1 Shree Darshan Pipes
14.1.1 Shree Darshan Pipes Company Profile and Recent Development
14.1.2 Market Performance
14.1.3 Product and Service Introduction
14.2 ISCO Industries
14.2.1 ISCO Industries Company Profile and Recent Development
14.2.2 Market Performance
14.2.3 Product and Service Introduction
14.3 Georg Fischer AG
14.3.1 Georg Fischer AG Company Profile and Recent Development
14.3.2 Market Performance
14.3.3 Product and Service Introduction
14.4 Aquatherm
14.4.1 Aquatherm Company Profile and Recent Development
14.4.2 Market Performance
14.4.3 Product and Service Introduction
14.5 Aetna Plastics
14.5.1 Aetna Plastics Company Profile and Recent Development
14.5.2 Market Performance
14.5.3 Product and Service Introduction
14.6 Fusion Industries Limited
14.6.1 Fusion Industries Limited Company Profile and Recent Development
14.6.2 Market Performance
14.6.3 Product and Service Introduction
14.7 Borealis
14.7.1 Borealis Company Profile and Recent Development
14.7.2 Market Performance
14.7.3 Product and Service Introduction
14.8 SIMONA AG
14.8.1 SIMONA AG Company Profile and Recent Development
14.8.2 Market Performance
14.8.3 Product and Service Introduction
14.9 Borisov plastic product plant
14.9.1 Borisov plastic product plant Company Profile and Recent Development
14.9.2 Market Performance
14.9.3 Product and Service Introduction
14.10 ASAHI ORGANIC CHEMICALS INDUSTRY
14.10.1 ASAHI ORGANIC CHEMICALS INDUSTRY Company Profile and Recent Development
14.10.2 Market Performance
14.10.3 Product and Service Introduction
14.11 Vinidex
14.11.1 Vinidex Company Profile and Recent Development
14.11.2 Market Performance
14.11.3 Product and Service Introduction
14.12 AGRU Kunststofftechnik GmbH
14.12.1 AGRU Kunststofftechnik GmbH Company Profile and Recent Development
14.12.2 Market Performance
14.12.3 Product and Service Introduction
14.13 Duro Pipe
14.13.1 Duro Pipe Company Profile and Recent Development
14.13.2 Market Performance
14.13.3 Product and Service Introduction
14.14 RESINTECH BERHAD
14.14.1 RESINTECH BERHAD Company Profile and Recent Development
14.14.2 Market Performance
14.14.3 Product and Service Introduction
14.15 IPS
14.15.1 IPS Company Profile and Recent Development
14.15.2 Market Performance
14.15.3 Product and Service Introduction
14.16 Asahi/America
14.16.1 Asahi/America Company Profile and Recent Development
14.16.2 Market Performance
14.16.3 Product and Service Introduction
The List of Tables and Figures (Totals 141 Figures and 165 Tables)
Figure Japan Pp Pipe Market Size and Growth Rate of PP-H Pipe from 2014 to 2026
Figure Japan Pp Pipe Market Size and Growth Rate of PP-B Pipe from 2014 to 2026
Figure Japan Pp Pipe Market Size and Growth Rate of PP-R Pipe from 2014 to 2026
-
Figure Market Share by Type in 2014
-
Figure Market Share by Type in 2018
-
Figure Market Share by Type in 2026
Figure Japan Pp Pipe Market Size and Growth Rate of Commercial Building from 2014 to 2026
Figure Japan Pp Pipe Market Size and Growth Rate of Residential Building from 2014 to 2026
Figure Japan Pp Pipe Market Size and Growth Rate of Other Application from 2014 to 2026
-
Figure Market Share by End-User in 2014
-
Figure Market Share by End-User in 2018
-
Figure Market Share by End-User in 2026
-
Figure Hokkaido Pp Pipe Consumption Market Size and Growth Rate from 2014 to 2026
-
Figure Tohoku Pp Pipe Consumption Market Size and Growth Rate from 2014 to 2026
-
Figure Kanto Pp Pipe Consumption Market Size and Growth Rate from 2014 to 2026
-
Figure Chubu Pp Pipe Consumption Market Size and Growth Rate from 2014 to 2026
-
Figure Kinki Pp Pipe Consumption Market Size and Growth Rate from 2014 to 2026
-
Figure Chugoku Pp Pipe Consumption Market Size and Growth Rate from 2014 to 2026
-
Figure Shikoku Pp Pipe Consumption Market Size and Growth Rate from 2014 to 2026
-
Figure Kyushu Pp Pipe Consumption Market Size and Growth Rate from 2014 to 2026
-
Figure Development Trends and Industry Dynamics of Pp Pipe Industry
-
Figure Market Challenges and Restraints
-
Figure Market Opportunities and Potentials
-
Table Mergers and Acquisition
-
Figure Market Share of TOP 3 Players in 2018
-
Figure Market Share of TOP 5 Players in 2018
-
Figure Market Share of TOP 6 Players from 2014 to 2019
-
Figure Porter's Five Forces Analysis
-
Figure New Entrant SWOT Analysis
-
Table Specifications of Different Types of Pp Pipe
-
Figure Development Trends of Different Types
-
Table Commercial Products Types of Major Vendors
-
Figure Competitive Landscape Analysis of Different Types
-
Table Consumption of Pp Pipe by Different Types from 2014 to 2026
-
Table Consumption Share of Pp Pipe by Different Types from 2014 to 2026
Figure Market Size and Growth Rate of PP-H Pipe
Figure Market Size and Growth Rate of PP-B Pipe
Figure Market Size and Growth Rate of PP-R Pipe
-
Table Downstream Client Analysis by End-Users
-
Figure Competitive Landscape Analysis of Different End-Users
-
Table Market Potential Analysis of Different End-Users
-
Table Consumption of Pp Pipe by Different End-Users from 2014 to 2026
-
Table Consumption Share of Pp Pipe by Different End-Users from 2014 to 2026
Figure Japan Pp Pipe Market Size and Growth Rate of Commercial Building from 2014 to 2026
Figure Japan Pp Pipe Market Size and Growth Rate of Residential Building from 2014 to 2026
Figure Japan Pp Pipe Market Size and Growth Rate of Other Application from 2014 to 2026
-
Table Japan Pp Pipe Production by Regions
-
Table Japan Pp Pipe Production Share by Regions
-
Figure Japan Pp Pipe Production Share by Regions in 2014
-
Figure Japan Pp Pipe Production Share by Regions in 2018
-
Figure Japan Pp Pipe Production Share by Regions in 2026
-
Table Japan Pp Pipe Consumption by Regions
-
Table Japan Pp Pipe Consumption Share by Regions
-
Figure Japan Pp Pipe Consumption Share by Regions in 2014
-
Figure Japan Pp Pipe Consumption Share by Regions in 2018
-
Figure Japan Pp Pipe Consumption Share by Regions in 2026
-
Table Hokkaido Pp Pipe Consumption by Types from 2014 to 2026
-
Table Hokkaido Pp Pipe Consumption Share by Types from 2014 to 2026
-
Figure Hokkaido Pp Pipe Consumption Share by Types in 2014
-
Figure Hokkaido Pp Pipe Consumption Share by Types in 2018
-
Figure Hokkaido Pp Pipe Consumption Share by Types in 2026
-
Table Hokkaido Pp Pipe Consumption by End-Users from 2014 to 2026
-
Table Hokkaido Pp Pipe Consumption Share by End-Users from 2014 to 2026
-
Figure Hokkaido Pp Pipe Consumption Share by End-Users in 2014
-
Figure Hokkaido Pp Pipe Consumption Share by End-Users in 2018
-
Figure Hokkaido Pp Pipe Consumption Share by End-Users in 2026
-
Table Tohoku Pp Pipe Consumption by Types from 2014 to 2026
-
Table Tohoku Pp Pipe Consumption Share by Types from 2014 to 2026
-
Figure Tohoku Pp Pipe Consumption Share by Types in 2014
-
Figure Tohoku Pp Pipe Consumption Share by Types in 2018
-
Figure Tohoku Pp Pipe Consumption Share by Types in 2026
-
Table Tohoku Pp Pipe Consumption by End-Users from 2014 to 2026
-
Table Tohoku Pp Pipe Consumption Share by End-Users from 2014 to 2026
-
Figure Tohoku Pp Pipe Consumption Share by End-Users in 2014
-
Figure Tohoku Pp Pipe Consumption Share by End-Users in 2018
-
Figure Tohoku Pp Pipe Consumption Share by End-Users in 2026
-
Table Kanto Pp Pipe Consumption by Types from 2014 to 2026
-
Table Kanto Pp Pipe Consumption Share by Types from 2014 to 2026
-
Figure Kanto Pp Pipe Consumption Share by Types in 2014
-
Figure Kanto Pp Pipe Consumption Share by Types in 2018
-
Figure Kanto Pp Pipe Consumption Share by Types in 2026
-
Table Kanto Pp Pipe Consumption by End-Users from 2014 to 2026
-
Table Kanto Pp Pipe Consumption Share by End-Users from 2014 to 2026
-
Figure Kanto Pp Pipe Consumption Share by End-Users in 2014
-
Figure Kanto Pp Pipe Consumption Share by End-Users in 2018
-
Figure Kanto Pp Pipe Consumption Share by End-Users in 2026
-
Table Chubu Pp Pipe Consumption by Types from 2014 to 2026
-
Table Chubu Pp Pipe Consumption Share by Types from 2014 to 2026
-
Figure Chubu Pp Pipe Consumption Share by Types in 2014
-
Figure Chubu Pp Pipe Consumption Share by Types in 2018
-
Figure Chubu Pp Pipe Consumption Share by Types in 2026
-
Table Chubu Pp Pipe Consumption by End-Users from 2014 to 2026
-
Table Chubu Pp Pipe Consumption Share by End-Users from 2014 to 2026
-
Figure Chubu Pp Pipe Consumption Share by End-Users in 2014
-
Figure Chubu Pp Pipe Consumption Share by End-Users in 2018
-
Figure Chubu Pp Pipe Consumption Share by End-Users in 2026
-
Table Kinki Pp Pipe Consumption by Types from 2014 to 2026
-
Table Kinki Pp Pipe Consumption Share by Types from 2014 to 2026
-
Figure Kinki Pp Pipe Consumption Share by Types in 2014
-
Figure Kinki Pp Pipe Consumption Share by Types in 2018
-
Figure Kinki Pp Pipe Consumption Share by Types in 2026
-
Table Kinki Pp Pipe Consumption by End-Users from 2014 to 2026
-
Table Kinki Pp Pipe Consumption Share by End-Users from 2014 to 2026
-
Figure Kinki Pp Pipe Consumption Share by End-Users in 2014
-
Figure Kinki Pp Pipe Consumption Share by End-Users in 2018
-
Figure Kinki Pp Pipe Consumption Share by End-Users in 2026
-
Table Chugoku Pp Pipe Consumption by Types from 2014 to 2026
-
Table Chugoku Pp Pipe Consumption Share by Types from 2014 to 2026
-
Figure Chugoku Pp Pipe Consumption Share by Types in 2014
-
Figure Chugoku Pp Pipe Consumption Share by Types in 2018
-
Figure Chugoku Pp Pipe Consumption Share by Types in 2026
-
Table Chugoku Pp Pipe Consumption by End-Users from 2014 to 2026
-
Table Chugoku Pp Pipe Consumption Share by End-Users from 2014 to 2026
-
Figure Chugoku Pp Pipe Consumption Share by End-Users in 2014
-
Figure Chugoku Pp Pipe Consumption Share by End-Users in 2018
-
Figure Chugoku Pp Pipe Consumption Share by End-Users in 2026
-
Table Shikoku Pp Pipe Consumption by Types from 2014 to 2026
-
Table Shikoku Pp Pipe Consumption Share by Types from 2014 to 2026
-
Figure Shikoku Pp Pipe Consumption Share by Types in 2014
-
Figure Shikoku Pp Pipe Consumption Share by Types in 2018
-
Figure Shikoku Pp Pipe Consumption Share by Types in 2026
-
Table Shikoku Pp Pipe Consumption by End-Users from 2014 to 2026
-
Table Shikoku Pp Pipe Consumption Share by End-Users from 2014 to 2026
-
Figure Shikoku Pp Pipe Consumption Share by End-Users in 2014
-
Figure Shikoku Pp Pipe Consumption Share by End-Users in 2018
-
Figure Shikoku Pp Pipe Consumption Share by End-Users in 2026
-
Table Kyushu Pp Pipe Consumption by Types from 2014 to 2026
-
Table Kyushu Pp Pipe Consumption Share by Types from 2014 to 2026
-
Figure Kyushu Pp Pipe Consumption Share by Types in 2014
-
Figure Kyushu Pp Pipe Consumption Share by Types in 2018
-
Figure Kyushu Pp Pipe Consumption Share by Types in 2026
-
Table Kyushu Pp Pipe Consumption by End-Users from 2014 to 2026
-
Table Kyushu Pp Pipe Consumption Share by End-Users from 2014 to 2026
-
Figure Kyushu Pp Pipe Consumption Share by End-Users in 2014
-
Figure Kyushu Pp Pipe Consumption Share by End-Users in 2018
-
Figure Kyushu Pp Pipe Consumption Share by End-Users in 2026
Table Company Profile and Development Status of Shree Darshan Pipes
Table Sales, Revenue, Sales Price and Gross Margin Analysis of Shree Darshan Pipes
Figure Sales and Growth Rate Analysis of Shree Darshan Pipes
Figure Revenue and Market Share Analysis of Shree Darshan Pipes
Table Product and Service Introduction of Shree Darshan Pipes
Table Company Profile and Development Status of ISCO Industries
Table Sales, Revenue, Sales Price and Gross Margin Analysis of ISCO Industries
Figure Sales and Growth Rate Analysis of ISCO Industries
Figure Revenue and Market Share Analysis of ISCO Industries
Table Product and Service Introduction of ISCO Industries
Table Company Profile and Development Status of Georg Fischer AG
Table Sales, Revenue, Sales Price and Gross Margin Analysis of Georg Fischer AG
Figure Sales and Growth Rate Analysis of Georg Fischer AG
Figure Revenue and Market Share Analysis of Georg Fischer AG
Table Product and Service Introduction of Georg Fischer AG
Table Company Profile and Development Status of Aquatherm
Table Sales, Revenue, Sales Price and Gross Margin Analysis of Aquatherm
Figure Sales and Growth Rate Analysis of Aquatherm
Figure Revenue and Market Share Analysis of Aquatherm
Table Product and Service Introduction of Aquatherm
Table Company Profile and Development Status of Aetna Plastics
Table Sales, Revenue, Sales Price and Gross Margin Analysis of Aetna Plastics
Figure Sales and Growth Rate Analysis of Aetna Plastics
Figure Revenue and Market Share Analysis of Aetna Plastics
Table Product and Service Introduction of Aetna Plastics
Table Company Profile and Development Status of Fusion Industries Limited
Table Sales, Revenue, Sales Price and Gross Margin Analysis of Fusion Industries Limited
Figure Sales and Growth Rate Analysis of Fusion Industries Limited
Figure Revenue and Market Share Analysis of Fusion Industries Limited
Table Product and Service Introduction of Fusion Industries Limited
Table Company Profile and Development Status of Borealis
Table Sales, Revenue, Sales Price and Gross Margin Analysis of Borealis
Figure Sales and Growth Rate Analysis of Borealis
Figure Revenue and Market Share Analysis of Borealis
Table Product and Service Introduction of Borealis
Table Company Profile and Development Status of SIMONA AG
Table Sales, Revenue, Sales Price and Gross Margin Analysis of SIMONA AG
Figure Sales and Growth Rate Analysis of SIMONA AG
Figure Revenue and Market Share Analysis of SIMONA AG
Table Product and Service Introduction of SIMONA AG
Table Company Profile and Development Status of Borisov plastic product plant
Table Sales, Revenue, Sales Price and Gross Margin Analysis of Borisov plastic product plant
Figure Sales and Growth Rate Analysis of Borisov plastic product plant
Figure Revenue and Market Share Analysis of Borisov plastic product plant
Table Product and Service Introduction of Borisov plastic product plant
Table Company Profile and Development Status of ASAHI ORGANIC CHEMICALS INDUSTRY
Table Sales, Revenue, Sales Price and Gross Margin Analysis of ASAHI ORGANIC CHEMICALS INDUSTRY
Figure Sales and Growth Rate Analysis of ASAHI ORGANIC CHEMICALS INDUSTRY
Figure Revenue and Market Share Analysis of ASAHI ORGANIC CHEMICALS INDUSTRY
Table Product and Service Introduction of ASAHI ORGANIC CHEMICALS INDUSTRY
Table Company Profile and Development Status of Vinidex
Table Sales, Revenue, Sales Price and Gross Margin Analysis of Vinidex
Figure Sales and Growth Rate Analysis of Vinidex
Figure Revenue and Market Share Analysis of Vinidex
Table Product and Service Introduction of Vinidex
Table Company Profile and Development Status of AGRU Kunststofftechnik GmbH
Table Sales, Revenue, Sales Price and Gross Margin Analysis of AGRU Kunststofftechnik GmbH
Figure Sales and Growth Rate Analysis of AGRU Kunststofftechnik GmbH
Figure Revenue and Market Share Analysis of AGRU Kunststofftechnik GmbH
Table Product and Service Introduction of AGRU Kunststofftechnik GmbH
Table Company Profile and Development Status of Duro Pipe
Table Sales, Revenue, Sales Price and Gross Margin Analysis of Duro Pipe
Figure Sales and Growth Rate Analysis of Duro Pipe
Figure Revenue and Market Share Analysis of Duro Pipe
Table Product and Service Introduction of Duro Pipe
Table Company Profile and Development Status of RESINTECH BERHAD
Table Sales, Revenue, Sales Price and Gross Margin Analysis of RESINTECH BERHAD
Figure Sales and Growth Rate Analysis of RESINTECH BERHAD
Figure Revenue and Market Share Analysis of RESINTECH BERHAD
Table Product and Service Introduction of RESINTECH BERHAD
Table Company Profile and Development Status of IPS
Table Sales, Revenue, Sales Price and Gross Margin Analysis of IPS
Figure Sales and Growth Rate Analysis of IPS
Figure Revenue and Market Share Analysis of IPS
Table Product and Service Introduction of IPS
Table Company Profile and Development Status of Asahi/America
Table Sales, Revenue, Sales Price and Gross Margin Analysis of Asahi/America
Figure Sales and Growth Rate Analysis of Asahi/America
Figure Revenue and Market Share Analysis of Asahi/America
Table Product and Service Introduction of Asahi/America
-