- REPORT SUMMARY
- TABLE OF CONTENTS
-
This report offers an overview of the market trends, drivers, and barriers with respect to the Japan Secure Outsourcing Services market. It also provides a detailed overview of the market of different regions across Hokkaido, Tohoku, Kanto, Chubu, Kinki, Chugoku, Shikoku, Kyushu. The report deep analyzes type and application in Japan Secure Outsourcing Services market. Detailed analysis of key players, along with key growth strategies adopted by Secure Outsourcing Services industry, the PEST and SWOT analysis are also included. In short, the report will provide a comprehensive view of the industry's development and features.
By Player:
Beijing Baoan
Axis Security
Andrews International
US Security Associates
Transguard
DWSS
TOPSGRUP
China Security & Protection Group
Securitas
SIS
G4S
ICTS Europe
Control Risks
OCS Group
Allied Universal
Covenant
By Type:
Service
Equipment
By End-User:
Commercial Buildings
Industrial Buildings
Residential Buildings
By Region:
-
Hokkaido
-
Tohoku
-
Kanto
-
Chubu
-
Kinki
-
Chugoku
-
Shikoku
-
Kyushu
1 Report Overview
-
1.1 Product Definition and Scope
-
1.2 PEST (Political, Economic, Social and Technological) Analysis of Secure Outsourcing Services Market
-
1.3 Market Segment by Type
1.3.1 Japan Secure Outsourcing Services Market Size and Growth Rate of Service from 2014 to 2026
1.3.2 Japan Secure Outsourcing Services Market Size and Growth Rate of Equipment from 2014 to 2026
-
1.4 Market Segment by Application
1.4.1 Japan Secure Outsourcing Services Market Size and Growth Rate of Commercial Buildings from 2014 to 2026
1.4.2 Japan Secure Outsourcing Services Market Size and Growth Rate of Industrial Buildings from 2014 to 2026
1.4.3 Japan Secure Outsourcing Services Market Size and Growth Rate of Residential Buildings from 2014 to 2026
-
1.5 Market Segment by Regions
-
1.5.1 Hokkaido Secure Outsourcing Services Consumption Market Size and Growth Rate from 2014 to 2026
-
1.5.2 Tohoku Secure Outsourcing Services Consumption Market Size and Growth Rate from 2014 to 2026
-
1.5.3 Kanto Secure Outsourcing Services Consumption Market Size and Growth Rate from 2014 to 2026
-
1.5.4 Chubu Secure Outsourcing Services Consumption Market Size and Growth Rate from 2014 to 2026
-
1.5.5 Kinki Secure Outsourcing Services Consumption Market Size and Growth Rate from 2014 to 2026
-
1.5.6 Chugoku Secure Outsourcing Services Consumption Market Size and Growth Rate from 2014 to 2026
-
1.5.7 Shikoku Secure Outsourcing Services Consumption Market Size and Growth Rate from 2014 to 2026
-
1.5.8 Kyushu Secure Outsourcing Services Consumption Market Size and Growth Rate from 2014 to 2026
2 Market Trends and Competitive Landscape
-
2.1 Market Trends and Dynamics
-
2.1.1 Market Challenges and Restraints
-
2.1.2 Market Opportunities and Potentials
-
2.1.3 Mergers and Acquisitions
-
2.2 Competitive Landscape Analysis
-
2.2.1 Industrial Concentration Analysis
-
2.2.2 Porter's Five Forces Analysis of the Industry
-
2.2.3 SWOT Analysis for New Entrants
3 Segmentation of Secure Outsourcing Services Market by Types
-
3.1 Products Development Trends of Different Types
-
3.2 Commercial Products Types of Major Vendors
-
3.3 Competitive Landscape Analysis of Different Types
-
3.4 Market Size of Secure Outsourcing Services by Major Types
3.4.1 Market Size and Growth Rate of Service
3.4.2 Market Size and Growth Rate of Equipment
4 Segmentation of Secure Outsourcing Services Market by End-Users
-
4.1 Downstream Client Analysis by End-Users
-
4.2 Competitive Landscape Analysis of Different End-Users
-
4.3 Market Potential Analysis of Different End-Users
-
4.4 Market Size of Secure Outsourcing Services by Major End-Users
4.4.1 Market Size and Growth Rate of Secure Outsourcing Services in Commercial Buildings
4.4.2 Market Size and Growth Rate of Secure Outsourcing Services in Industrial Buildings
4.4.3 Market Size and Growth Rate of Secure Outsourcing Services in Residential Buildings
5 Market Analysis by Regions
-
5.1 Japan Secure Outsourcing Services Production Analysis by Regions
-
5.2 Japan Secure Outsourcing Services Consumption Analysis by Regions
6 Hokkaido Secure Outsourcing Services Landscape Analysis
-
6.1 Hokkaido Secure Outsourcing Services Landscape Analysis by Major Types
-
6.2 Hokkaido Secure Outsourcing Services Landscape Analysis by Major End-Users
7 Tohoku Secure Outsourcing Services Landscape Analysis
-
7.1 Tohoku Secure Outsourcing Services Landscape Analysis by Major Types
-
7.2 Tohoku Secure Outsourcing Services Landscape Analysis by Major End-Users
8 Kanto Secure Outsourcing Services Landscape Analysis
-
8.1 Kanto Secure Outsourcing Services Landscape Analysis by Major Types
-
8.2 Kanto Secure Outsourcing Services Landscape Analysis by Major End-Users
9 Chubu Secure Outsourcing Services Landscape Analysis
-
9.1 Chubu Secure Outsourcing Services Landscape Analysis by Major Types
-
9.2 Chubu Secure Outsourcing Services Landscape Analysis by Major End-Users
10 Kinki Secure Outsourcing Services Landscape Analysis
-
10.1 Kinki Secure Outsourcing Services Landscape Analysis by Major Types
-
10.2 Kinki Secure Outsourcing Services Landscape Analysis by Major End-Users
11 Chugoku Secure Outsourcing Services Landscape Analysis
-
11.1 Chugoku Secure Outsourcing Services Landscape Analysis by Major Types
-
11.2 Chugoku Secure Outsourcing Services Landscape Analysis by Major End-Users
12 Shikoku Secure Outsourcing Services Landscape Analysis
-
12.1 Shikoku Secure Outsourcing Services Landscape Analysis by Major Types
-
12.2 Shikoku Secure Outsourcing Services Landscape Analysis by Major End-Users
13 Kyushu Secure Outsourcing Services Landscape Analysis
-
13.1 Kyushu Secure Outsourcing Services Landscape Analysis by Major Types
-
13.2 Kyushu Secure Outsourcing Services Landscape Analysis by Major End-Users
14 Major Players Profiles
14.1 Beijing Baoan
14.1.1 Beijing Baoan Company Profile and Recent Development
14.1.2 Market Performance
14.1.3 Product and Service Introduction
14.2 Axis Security
14.2.1 Axis Security Company Profile and Recent Development
14.2.2 Market Performance
14.2.3 Product and Service Introduction
14.3 Andrews International
14.3.1 Andrews International Company Profile and Recent Development
14.3.2 Market Performance
14.3.3 Product and Service Introduction
14.4 US Security Associates
14.4.1 US Security Associates Company Profile and Recent Development
14.4.2 Market Performance
14.4.3 Product and Service Introduction
14.5 Transguard
14.5.1 Transguard Company Profile and Recent Development
14.5.2 Market Performance
14.5.3 Product and Service Introduction
14.6 DWSS
14.6.1 DWSS Company Profile and Recent Development
14.6.2 Market Performance
14.6.3 Product and Service Introduction
14.7 TOPSGRUP
14.7.1 TOPSGRUP Company Profile and Recent Development
14.7.2 Market Performance
14.7.3 Product and Service Introduction
14.8 China Security & Protection Group
14.8.1 China Security & Protection Group Company Profile and Recent Development
14.8.2 Market Performance
14.8.3 Product and Service Introduction
14.9 Securitas
14.9.1 Securitas Company Profile and Recent Development
14.9.2 Market Performance
14.9.3 Product and Service Introduction
14.10 SIS
14.10.1 SIS Company Profile and Recent Development
14.10.2 Market Performance
14.10.3 Product and Service Introduction
14.11 G4S
14.11.1 G4S Company Profile and Recent Development
14.11.2 Market Performance
14.11.3 Product and Service Introduction
14.12 ICTS Europe
14.12.1 ICTS Europe Company Profile and Recent Development
14.12.2 Market Performance
14.12.3 Product and Service Introduction
14.13 Control Risks
14.13.1 Control Risks Company Profile and Recent Development
14.13.2 Market Performance
14.13.3 Product and Service Introduction
14.14 OCS Group
14.14.1 OCS Group Company Profile and Recent Development
14.14.2 Market Performance
14.14.3 Product and Service Introduction
14.15 Allied Universal
14.15.1 Allied Universal Company Profile and Recent Development
14.15.2 Market Performance
14.15.3 Product and Service Introduction
14.16 Covenant
14.16.1 Covenant Company Profile and Recent Development
14.16.2 Market Performance
14.16.3 Product and Service Introduction
The List of Tables and Figures (Totals 109 Figures and 125 Tables)
Figure Japan Secure Outsourcing Services Market Size and Growth Rate of Service from 2014 to 2026
Figure Japan Secure Outsourcing Services Market Size and Growth Rate of Equipment from 2014 to 2026
-
Figure Market Share by Type in 2014
-
Figure Market Share by Type in 2018
-
Figure Market Share by Type in 2026
Figure Japan Secure Outsourcing Services Market Size and Growth Rate of Commercial Buildings from 2014 to 2026
Figure Japan Secure Outsourcing Services Market Size and Growth Rate of Industrial Buildings from 2014 to 2026
Figure Japan Secure Outsourcing Services Market Size and Growth Rate of Residential Buildings from 2014 to 2026
-
Figure Market Share by End-User in 2014
-
Figure Market Share by End-User in 2018
-
Figure Market Share by End-User in 2026
-
Figure Hokkaido Secure Outsourcing Services Consumption Market Size and Growth Rate from 2014 to 2026
-
Figure Tohoku Secure Outsourcing Services Consumption Market Size and Growth Rate from 2014 to 2026
-
Figure Kanto Secure Outsourcing Services Consumption Market Size and Growth Rate from 2014 to 2026
-
Figure Chubu Secure Outsourcing Services Consumption Market Size and Growth Rate from 2014 to 2026
-
Figure Kinki Secure Outsourcing Services Consumption Market Size and Growth Rate from 2014 to 2026
-
Figure Chugoku Secure Outsourcing Services Consumption Market Size and Growth Rate from 2014 to 2026
-
Figure Shikoku Secure Outsourcing Services Consumption Market Size and Growth Rate from 2014 to 2026
-
Figure Kyushu Secure Outsourcing Services Consumption Market Size and Growth Rate from 2014 to 2026
-
Figure Development Trends and Industry Dynamics of Secure Outsourcing Services Industry
-
Figure Market Challenges and Restraints
-
Figure Market Opportunities and Potentials
-
Table Mergers and Acquisition
-
Figure Market Share of TOP 3 Players in 2018
-
Figure Market Share of TOP 5 Players in 2018
-
Figure Market Share of TOP 6 Players from 2014 to 2019
-
Figure Porter's Five Forces Analysis
-
Figure New Entrant SWOT Analysis
-
Table Specifications of Different Types of Secure Outsourcing Services
-
Figure Development Trends of Different Types
-
Table Commercial Products Types of Major Vendors
-
Figure Competitive Landscape Analysis of Different Types
-
Table Consumption of Secure Outsourcing Services by Different Types from 2014 to 2026
-
Table Consumption Share of Secure Outsourcing Services by Different Types from 2014 to 2026
Figure Market Size and Growth Rate of Service
Figure Market Size and Growth Rate of Equipment
-
Table Downstream Client Analysis by End-Users
-
Figure Competitive Landscape Analysis of Different End-Users
-
Table Market Potential Analysis of Different End-Users
-
Table Consumption of Secure Outsourcing Services by Different End-Users from 2014 to 2026
-
Table Consumption Share of Secure Outsourcing Services by Different End-Users from 2014 to 2026
Figure Japan Secure Outsourcing Services Market Size and Growth Rate of Commercial Buildings from 2014 to 2026
Figure Japan Secure Outsourcing Services Market Size and Growth Rate of Industrial Buildings from 2014 to 2026
Figure Japan Secure Outsourcing Services Market Size and Growth Rate of Residential Buildings from 2014 to 2026
-
Table Japan Secure Outsourcing Services Production by Regions
-
Table Japan Secure Outsourcing Services Production Share by Regions
-
Figure Japan Secure Outsourcing Services Production Share by Regions in 2014
-
Figure Japan Secure Outsourcing Services Production Share by Regions in 2018
-
Figure Japan Secure Outsourcing Services Production Share by Regions in 2026
-
Table Japan Secure Outsourcing Services Consumption by Regions
-
Table Japan Secure Outsourcing Services Consumption Share by Regions
-
Figure Japan Secure Outsourcing Services Consumption Share by Regions in 2014
-
Figure Japan Secure Outsourcing Services Consumption Share by Regions in 2018
-
Figure Japan Secure Outsourcing Services Consumption Share by Regions in 2026
-
Table Hokkaido Secure Outsourcing Services Consumption by Types from 2014 to 2026
-
Table Hokkaido Secure Outsourcing Services Consumption Share by Types from 2014 to 2026
-
Figure Hokkaido Secure Outsourcing Services Consumption Share by Types in 2014
-
Figure Hokkaido Secure Outsourcing Services Consumption Share by Types in 2018
-
Figure Hokkaido Secure Outsourcing Services Consumption Share by Types in 2026
-
Table Hokkaido Secure Outsourcing Services Consumption by End-Users from 2014 to 2026
-
Table Hokkaido Secure Outsourcing Services Consumption Share by End-Users from 2014 to 2026
-
Figure Hokkaido Secure Outsourcing Services Consumption Share by End-Users in 2014
-
Figure Hokkaido Secure Outsourcing Services Consumption Share by End-Users in 2018
-
Figure Hokkaido Secure Outsourcing Services Consumption Share by End-Users in 2026
-
Table Tohoku Secure Outsourcing Services Consumption by Types from 2014 to 2026
-
Table Tohoku Secure Outsourcing Services Consumption Share by Types from 2014 to 2026
-
Figure Tohoku Secure Outsourcing Services Consumption Share by Types in 2014
-
Figure Tohoku Secure Outsourcing Services Consumption Share by Types in 2018
-
Figure Tohoku Secure Outsourcing Services Consumption Share by Types in 2026
-
Table Tohoku Secure Outsourcing Services Consumption by End-Users from 2014 to 2026
-
Table Tohoku Secure Outsourcing Services Consumption Share by End-Users from 2014 to 2026
-
Figure Tohoku Secure Outsourcing Services Consumption Share by End-Users in 2014
-
Figure Tohoku Secure Outsourcing Services Consumption Share by End-Users in 2018
-
Figure Tohoku Secure Outsourcing Services Consumption Share by End-Users in 2026
-
Table Kanto Secure Outsourcing Services Consumption by Types from 2014 to 2026
-
Table Kanto Secure Outsourcing Services Consumption Share by Types from 2014 to 2026
-
Figure Kanto Secure Outsourcing Services Consumption Share by Types in 2014
-
Figure Kanto Secure Outsourcing Services Consumption Share by Types in 2018
-
Figure Kanto Secure Outsourcing Services Consumption Share by Types in 2026
-
Table Kanto Secure Outsourcing Services Consumption by End-Users from 2014 to 2026
-
Table Kanto Secure Outsourcing Services Consumption Share by End-Users from 2014 to 2026
-
Figure Kanto Secure Outsourcing Services Consumption Share by End-Users in 2014
-
Figure Kanto Secure Outsourcing Services Consumption Share by End-Users in 2018
-
Figure Kanto Secure Outsourcing Services Consumption Share by End-Users in 2026
-
Table Chubu Secure Outsourcing Services Consumption by Types from 2014 to 2026
-
Table Chubu Secure Outsourcing Services Consumption Share by Types from 2014 to 2026
-
Figure Chubu Secure Outsourcing Services Consumption Share by Types in 2014
-
Figure Chubu Secure Outsourcing Services Consumption Share by Types in 2018
-
Figure Chubu Secure Outsourcing Services Consumption Share by Types in 2026
-
Table Chubu Secure Outsourcing Services Consumption by End-Users from 2014 to 2026
-
Table Chubu Secure Outsourcing Services Consumption Share by End-Users from 2014 to 2026
-
Figure Chubu Secure Outsourcing Services Consumption Share by End-Users in 2014
-
Figure Chubu Secure Outsourcing Services Consumption Share by End-Users in 2018
-
Figure Chubu Secure Outsourcing Services Consumption Share by End-Users in 2026
-
Table Kinki Secure Outsourcing Services Consumption by Types from 2014 to 2026
-
Table Kinki Secure Outsourcing Services Consumption Share by Types from 2014 to 2026
-
Figure Kinki Secure Outsourcing Services Consumption Share by Types in 2014
-
Figure Kinki Secure Outsourcing Services Consumption Share by Types in 2018
-
Figure Kinki Secure Outsourcing Services Consumption Share by Types in 2026
-
Table Kinki Secure Outsourcing Services Consumption by End-Users from 2014 to 2026
-
Table Kinki Secure Outsourcing Services Consumption Share by End-Users from 2014 to 2026
-
Figure Kinki Secure Outsourcing Services Consumption Share by End-Users in 2014
-
Figure Kinki Secure Outsourcing Services Consumption Share by End-Users in 2018
-
Figure Kinki Secure Outsourcing Services Consumption Share by End-Users in 2026
-
Table Chugoku Secure Outsourcing Services Consumption by Types from 2014 to 2026
-
Table Chugoku Secure Outsourcing Services Consumption Share by Types from 2014 to 2026
-
Figure Chugoku Secure Outsourcing Services Consumption Share by Types in 2014
-
Figure Chugoku Secure Outsourcing Services Consumption Share by Types in 2018
-
Figure Chugoku Secure Outsourcing Services Consumption Share by Types in 2026
-
Table Chugoku Secure Outsourcing Services Consumption by End-Users from 2014 to 2026
-
Table Chugoku Secure Outsourcing Services Consumption Share by End-Users from 2014 to 2026
-
Figure Chugoku Secure Outsourcing Services Consumption Share by End-Users in 2014
-
Figure Chugoku Secure Outsourcing Services Consumption Share by End-Users in 2018
-
Figure Chugoku Secure Outsourcing Services Consumption Share by End-Users in 2026
-
Table Shikoku Secure Outsourcing Services Consumption by Types from 2014 to 2026
-
Table Shikoku Secure Outsourcing Services Consumption Share by Types from 2014 to 2026
-
Figure Shikoku Secure Outsourcing Services Consumption Share by Types in 2014
-
Figure Shikoku Secure Outsourcing Services Consumption Share by Types in 2018
-
Figure Shikoku Secure Outsourcing Services Consumption Share by Types in 2026
-
Table Shikoku Secure Outsourcing Services Consumption by End-Users from 2014 to 2026
-
Table Shikoku Secure Outsourcing Services Consumption Share by End-Users from 2014 to 2026
-
Figure Shikoku Secure Outsourcing Services Consumption Share by End-Users in 2014
-
Figure Shikoku Secure Outsourcing Services Consumption Share by End-Users in 2018
-
Figure Shikoku Secure Outsourcing Services Consumption Share by End-Users in 2026
-
Table Kyushu Secure Outsourcing Services Consumption by Types from 2014 to 2026
-
Table Kyushu Secure Outsourcing Services Consumption Share by Types from 2014 to 2026
-
Figure Kyushu Secure Outsourcing Services Consumption Share by Types in 2014
-
Figure Kyushu Secure Outsourcing Services Consumption Share by Types in 2018
-
Figure Kyushu Secure Outsourcing Services Consumption Share by Types in 2026
-
Table Kyushu Secure Outsourcing Services Consumption by End-Users from 2014 to 2026
-
Table Kyushu Secure Outsourcing Services Consumption Share by End-Users from 2014 to 2026
-
Figure Kyushu Secure Outsourcing Services Consumption Share by End-Users in 2014
-
Figure Kyushu Secure Outsourcing Services Consumption Share by End-Users in 2018
-
Figure Kyushu Secure Outsourcing Services Consumption Share by End-Users in 2026
Table Company Profile and Development Status of Beijing Baoan
Table Sales, Revenue, Sales Price and Gross Margin Analysis of Beijing Baoan
Figure Sales and Growth Rate Analysis of Beijing Baoan
Figure Revenue and Market Share Analysis of Beijing Baoan
Table Product and Service Introduction of Beijing Baoan
Table Company Profile and Development Status of Axis Security
Table Sales, Revenue, Sales Price and Gross Margin Analysis of Axis Security
Figure Sales and Growth Rate Analysis of Axis Security
Figure Revenue and Market Share Analysis of Axis Security
Table Product and Service Introduction of Axis Security
Table Company Profile and Development Status of Andrews International
Table Sales, Revenue, Sales Price and Gross Margin Analysis of Andrews International
Figure Sales and Growth Rate Analysis of Andrews International
Figure Revenue and Market Share Analysis of Andrews International
Table Product and Service Introduction of Andrews International
Table Company Profile and Development Status of US Security Associates
Table Sales, Revenue, Sales Price and Gross Margin Analysis of US Security Associates
Figure Sales and Growth Rate Analysis of US Security Associates
Figure Revenue and Market Share Analysis of US Security Associates
Table Product and Service Introduction of US Security Associates
Table Company Profile and Development Status of Transguard
Table Sales, Revenue, Sales Price and Gross Margin Analysis of Transguard
Figure Sales and Growth Rate Analysis of Transguard
Figure Revenue and Market Share Analysis of Transguard
Table Product and Service Introduction of Transguard
Table Company Profile and Development Status of DWSS
Table Sales, Revenue, Sales Price and Gross Margin Analysis of DWSS
Figure Sales and Growth Rate Analysis of DWSS
Figure Revenue and Market Share Analysis of DWSS
Table Product and Service Introduction of DWSS
Table Company Profile and Development Status of TOPSGRUP
Table Sales, Revenue, Sales Price and Gross Margin Analysis of TOPSGRUP
Figure Sales and Growth Rate Analysis of TOPSGRUP
Figure Revenue and Market Share Analysis of TOPSGRUP
Table Product and Service Introduction of TOPSGRUP
Table Company Profile and Development Status of China Security & Protection Group
Table Sales, Revenue, Sales Price and Gross Margin Analysis of China Security & Protection Group
Figure Sales and Growth Rate Analysis of China Security & Protection Group
Figure Revenue and Market Share Analysis of China Security & Protection Group
Table Product and Service Introduction of China Security & Protection Group
Table Company Profile and Development Status of Securitas
Table Sales, Revenue, Sales Price and Gross Margin Analysis of Securitas
Figure Sales and Growth Rate Analysis of Securitas
Figure Revenue and Market Share Analysis of Securitas
Table Product and Service Introduction of Securitas
Table Company Profile and Development Status of SIS
Table Sales, Revenue, Sales Price and Gross Margin Analysis of SIS
Figure Sales and Growth Rate Analysis of SIS
Figure Revenue and Market Share Analysis of SIS
Table Product and Service Introduction of SIS
Table Company Profile and Development Status of G4S
Table Sales, Revenue, Sales Price and Gross Margin Analysis of G4S
Figure Sales and Growth Rate Analysis of G4S
Figure Revenue and Market Share Analysis of G4S
Table Product and Service Introduction of G4S
Table Company Profile and Development Status of ICTS Europe
Table Sales, Revenue, Sales Price and Gross Margin Analysis of ICTS Europe
Figure Sales and Growth Rate Analysis of ICTS Europe
Figure Revenue and Market Share Analysis of ICTS Europe
Table Product and Service Introduction of ICTS Europe
Table Company Profile and Development Status of Control Risks
Table Sales, Revenue, Sales Price and Gross Margin Analysis of Control Risks
Figure Sales and Growth Rate Analysis of Control Risks
Figure Revenue and Market Share Analysis of Control Risks
Table Product and Service Introduction of Control Risks
Table Company Profile and Development Status of OCS Group
Table Sales, Revenue, Sales Price and Gross Margin Analysis of OCS Group
Figure Sales and Growth Rate Analysis of OCS Group
Figure Revenue and Market Share Analysis of OCS Group
Table Product and Service Introduction of OCS Group
Table Company Profile and Development Status of Allied Universal
Table Sales, Revenue, Sales Price and Gross Margin Analysis of Allied Universal
Figure Sales and Growth Rate Analysis of Allied Universal
Figure Revenue and Market Share Analysis of Allied Universal
Table Product and Service Introduction of Allied Universal
Table Company Profile and Development Status of Covenant
Table Sales, Revenue, Sales Price and Gross Margin Analysis of Covenant
Figure Sales and Growth Rate Analysis of Covenant
Figure Revenue and Market Share Analysis of Covenant
Table Product and Service Introduction of Covenant
-