- REPORT SUMMARY
- TABLE OF CONTENTS
-
This report offers an overview of the market trends, drivers, and barriers with respect to the Japan Folding Paper Box market. It also provides a detailed overview of the market of different regions across Hokkaido, Tohoku, Kanto, Chubu, Kinki, Chugoku, Shikoku, Kyushu. The report deep analyzes type and application in Japan Folding Paper Box market. Detailed analysis of key players, along with key growth strategies adopted by Folding Paper Box industry, the PEST and SWOT analysis are also included. In short, the report will provide a comprehensive view of the industry's development and features.
By Player:
Arkay Packaging
Graphic Packaging
Colorpack
Midlands Packaging
Craftsman Packaging
Mayr-Melnhof Karton
MeadWestvaco
Bell
Belmark
All Packaging
RockTenn
Sonoco
Caraustar
Amcor
Atlas Holding
Smurfit Kappa
Artistic Carton
By Type:
Standard Carton
Aseptic Carton
Others
By End-User:
Food and Beverages
Healthcare
Others
By Region:
-
Hokkaido
-
Tohoku
-
Kanto
-
Chubu
-
Kinki
-
Chugoku
-
Shikoku
-
Kyushu
1 Report Overview
-
1.1 Product Definition and Scope
-
1.2 PEST (Political, Economic, Social and Technological) Analysis of Folding Paper Box Market
-
1.3 Market Segment by Type
1.3.1 Japan Folding Paper Box Market Size and Growth Rate of Standard Carton from 2014 to 2026
1.3.2 Japan Folding Paper Box Market Size and Growth Rate of Aseptic Carton from 2014 to 2026
1.3.3 Japan Folding Paper Box Market Size and Growth Rate of Others from 2014 to 2026
-
1.4 Market Segment by Application
1.4.1 Japan Folding Paper Box Market Size and Growth Rate of Food and Beverages from 2014 to 2026
1.4.2 Japan Folding Paper Box Market Size and Growth Rate of Healthcare from 2014 to 2026
1.4.3 Japan Folding Paper Box Market Size and Growth Rate of Others from 2014 to 2026
-
1.5 Market Segment by Regions
-
1.5.1 Hokkaido Folding Paper Box Consumption Market Size and Growth Rate from 2014 to 2026
-
1.5.2 Tohoku Folding Paper Box Consumption Market Size and Growth Rate from 2014 to 2026
-
1.5.3 Kanto Folding Paper Box Consumption Market Size and Growth Rate from 2014 to 2026
-
1.5.4 Chubu Folding Paper Box Consumption Market Size and Growth Rate from 2014 to 2026
-
1.5.5 Kinki Folding Paper Box Consumption Market Size and Growth Rate from 2014 to 2026
-
1.5.6 Chugoku Folding Paper Box Consumption Market Size and Growth Rate from 2014 to 2026
-
1.5.7 Shikoku Folding Paper Box Consumption Market Size and Growth Rate from 2014 to 2026
-
1.5.8 Kyushu Folding Paper Box Consumption Market Size and Growth Rate from 2014 to 2026
2 Market Trends and Competitive Landscape
-
2.1 Market Trends and Dynamics
-
2.1.1 Market Challenges and Restraints
-
2.1.2 Market Opportunities and Potentials
-
2.1.3 Mergers and Acquisitions
-
2.2 Competitive Landscape Analysis
-
2.2.1 Industrial Concentration Analysis
-
2.2.2 Porter's Five Forces Analysis of the Industry
-
2.2.3 SWOT Analysis for New Entrants
3 Segmentation of Folding Paper Box Market by Types
-
3.1 Products Development Trends of Different Types
-
3.2 Commercial Products Types of Major Vendors
-
3.3 Competitive Landscape Analysis of Different Types
-
3.4 Market Size of Folding Paper Box by Major Types
3.4.1 Market Size and Growth Rate of Standard Carton
3.4.2 Market Size and Growth Rate of Aseptic Carton
3.4.3 Market Size and Growth Rate of Others
4 Segmentation of Folding Paper Box Market by End-Users
-
4.1 Downstream Client Analysis by End-Users
-
4.2 Competitive Landscape Analysis of Different End-Users
-
4.3 Market Potential Analysis of Different End-Users
-
4.4 Market Size of Folding Paper Box by Major End-Users
4.4.1 Market Size and Growth Rate of Folding Paper Box in Food and Beverages
4.4.2 Market Size and Growth Rate of Folding Paper Box in Healthcare
4.4.3 Market Size and Growth Rate of Folding Paper Box in Others
5 Market Analysis by Regions
-
5.1 Japan Folding Paper Box Production Analysis by Regions
-
5.2 Japan Folding Paper Box Consumption Analysis by Regions
6 Hokkaido Folding Paper Box Landscape Analysis
-
6.1 Hokkaido Folding Paper Box Landscape Analysis by Major Types
-
6.2 Hokkaido Folding Paper Box Landscape Analysis by Major End-Users
7 Tohoku Folding Paper Box Landscape Analysis
-
7.1 Tohoku Folding Paper Box Landscape Analysis by Major Types
-
7.2 Tohoku Folding Paper Box Landscape Analysis by Major End-Users
8 Kanto Folding Paper Box Landscape Analysis
-
8.1 Kanto Folding Paper Box Landscape Analysis by Major Types
-
8.2 Kanto Folding Paper Box Landscape Analysis by Major End-Users
9 Chubu Folding Paper Box Landscape Analysis
-
9.1 Chubu Folding Paper Box Landscape Analysis by Major Types
-
9.2 Chubu Folding Paper Box Landscape Analysis by Major End-Users
10 Kinki Folding Paper Box Landscape Analysis
-
10.1 Kinki Folding Paper Box Landscape Analysis by Major Types
-
10.2 Kinki Folding Paper Box Landscape Analysis by Major End-Users
11 Chugoku Folding Paper Box Landscape Analysis
-
11.1 Chugoku Folding Paper Box Landscape Analysis by Major Types
-
11.2 Chugoku Folding Paper Box Landscape Analysis by Major End-Users
12 Shikoku Folding Paper Box Landscape Analysis
-
12.1 Shikoku Folding Paper Box Landscape Analysis by Major Types
-
12.2 Shikoku Folding Paper Box Landscape Analysis by Major End-Users
13 Kyushu Folding Paper Box Landscape Analysis
-
13.1 Kyushu Folding Paper Box Landscape Analysis by Major Types
-
13.2 Kyushu Folding Paper Box Landscape Analysis by Major End-Users
14 Major Players Profiles
14.1 Arkay Packaging
14.1.1 Arkay Packaging Company Profile and Recent Development
14.1.2 Market Performance
14.1.3 Product and Service Introduction
14.2 Graphic Packaging
14.2.1 Graphic Packaging Company Profile and Recent Development
14.2.2 Market Performance
14.2.3 Product and Service Introduction
14.3 Colorpack
14.3.1 Colorpack Company Profile and Recent Development
14.3.2 Market Performance
14.3.3 Product and Service Introduction
14.4 Midlands Packaging
14.4.1 Midlands Packaging Company Profile and Recent Development
14.4.2 Market Performance
14.4.3 Product and Service Introduction
14.5 Craftsman Packaging
14.5.1 Craftsman Packaging Company Profile and Recent Development
14.5.2 Market Performance
14.5.3 Product and Service Introduction
14.6 Mayr-Melnhof Karton
14.6.1 Mayr-Melnhof Karton Company Profile and Recent Development
14.6.2 Market Performance
14.6.3 Product and Service Introduction
14.7 MeadWestvaco
14.7.1 MeadWestvaco Company Profile and Recent Development
14.7.2 Market Performance
14.7.3 Product and Service Introduction
14.8 Bell
14.8.1 Bell Company Profile and Recent Development
14.8.2 Market Performance
14.8.3 Product and Service Introduction
14.9 Belmark
14.9.1 Belmark Company Profile and Recent Development
14.9.2 Market Performance
14.9.3 Product and Service Introduction
14.10 All Packaging
14.10.1 All Packaging Company Profile and Recent Development
14.10.2 Market Performance
14.10.3 Product and Service Introduction
14.11 RockTenn
14.11.1 RockTenn Company Profile and Recent Development
14.11.2 Market Performance
14.11.3 Product and Service Introduction
14.12 Sonoco
14.12.1 Sonoco Company Profile and Recent Development
14.12.2 Market Performance
14.12.3 Product and Service Introduction
14.13 Caraustar
14.13.1 Caraustar Company Profile and Recent Development
14.13.2 Market Performance
14.13.3 Product and Service Introduction
14.14 Amcor
14.14.1 Amcor Company Profile and Recent Development
14.14.2 Market Performance
14.14.3 Product and Service Introduction
14.15 Atlas Holding
14.15.1 Atlas Holding Company Profile and Recent Development
14.15.2 Market Performance
14.15.3 Product and Service Introduction
14.16 Smurfit Kappa
14.16.1 Smurfit Kappa Company Profile and Recent Development
14.16.2 Market Performance
14.16.3 Product and Service Introduction
14.17 Artistic Carton
14.17.1 Artistic Carton Company Profile and Recent Development
14.17.2 Market Performance
14.17.3 Product and Service Introduction
The List of Tables and Figures (Totals 144 Figures and 135 Tables)
Figure Japan Folding Paper Box Market Size and Growth Rate of Standard Carton from 2014 to 2026
Figure Japan Folding Paper Box Market Size and Growth Rate of Aseptic Carton from 2014 to 2026
Figure Japan Folding Paper Box Market Size and Growth Rate of Others from 2014 to 2026
-
Figure Market Share by Type in 2014
-
Figure Market Share by Type in 2018
-
Figure Market Share by Type in 2026
Figure Japan Folding Paper Box Market Size and Growth Rate of Food and Beverages from 2014 to 2026
Figure Japan Folding Paper Box Market Size and Growth Rate of Healthcare from 2014 to 2026
Figure Japan Folding Paper Box Market Size and Growth Rate of Others from 2014 to 2026
-
Figure Market Share by End-User in 2014
-
Figure Market Share by End-User in 2018
-
Figure Market Share by End-User in 2026
-
Figure Hokkaido Folding Paper Box Consumption Market Size and Growth Rate from 2014 to 2026
-
Figure Tohoku Folding Paper Box Consumption Market Size and Growth Rate from 2014 to 2026
-
Figure Kanto Folding Paper Box Consumption Market Size and Growth Rate from 2014 to 2026
-
Figure Chubu Folding Paper Box Consumption Market Size and Growth Rate from 2014 to 2026
-
Figure Kinki Folding Paper Box Consumption Market Size and Growth Rate from 2014 to 2026
-
Figure Chugoku Folding Paper Box Consumption Market Size and Growth Rate from 2014 to 2026
-
Figure Shikoku Folding Paper Box Consumption Market Size and Growth Rate from 2014 to 2026
-
Figure Kyushu Folding Paper Box Consumption Market Size and Growth Rate from 2014 to 2026
-
Figure Development Trends and Industry Dynamics of Folding Paper Box Industry
-
Figure Market Challenges and Restraints
-
Figure Market Opportunities and Potentials
-
Table Mergers and Acquisition
-
Figure Market Share of TOP 3 Players in 2018
-
Figure Market Share of TOP 5 Players in 2018
-
Figure Market Share of TOP 6 Players from 2014 to 2019
-
Figure Porter's Five Forces Analysis
-
Figure New Entrant SWOT Analysis
-
Table Specifications of Different Types of Folding Paper Box
-
Figure Development Trends of Different Types
-
Table Commercial Products Types of Major Vendors
-
Figure Competitive Landscape Analysis of Different Types
-
Table Consumption of Folding Paper Box by Different Types from 2014 to 2026
-
Table Consumption Share of Folding Paper Box by Different Types from 2014 to 2026
Figure Market Size and Growth Rate of Standard Carton
Figure Market Size and Growth Rate of Aseptic Carton
Figure Market Size and Growth Rate of Others
-
Table Downstream Client Analysis by End-Users
-
Figure Competitive Landscape Analysis of Different End-Users
-
Table Market Potential Analysis of Different End-Users
-
Table Consumption of Folding Paper Box by Different End-Users from 2014 to 2026
-
Table Consumption Share of Folding Paper Box by Different End-Users from 2014 to 2026
Figure Japan Folding Paper Box Market Size and Growth Rate of Food and Beverages from 2014 to 2026
Figure Japan Folding Paper Box Market Size and Growth Rate of Healthcare from 2014 to 2026
Figure Japan Folding Paper Box Market Size and Growth Rate of Others from 2014 to 2026
-
Table Japan Folding Paper Box Production by Regions
-
Table Japan Folding Paper Box Production Share by Regions
-
Figure Japan Folding Paper Box Production Share by Regions in 2014
-
Figure Japan Folding Paper Box Production Share by Regions in 2018
-
Figure Japan Folding Paper Box Production Share by Regions in 2026
-
Table Japan Folding Paper Box Consumption by Regions
-
Table Japan Folding Paper Box Consumption Share by Regions
-
Figure Japan Folding Paper Box Consumption Share by Regions in 2014
-
Figure Japan Folding Paper Box Consumption Share by Regions in 2018
-
Figure Japan Folding Paper Box Consumption Share by Regions in 2026
-
Table Hokkaido Folding Paper Box Consumption by Types from 2014 to 2026
-
Table Hokkaido Folding Paper Box Consumption Share by Types from 2014 to 2026
-
Figure Hokkaido Folding Paper Box Consumption Share by Types in 2014
-
Figure Hokkaido Folding Paper Box Consumption Share by Types in 2018
-
Figure Hokkaido Folding Paper Box Consumption Share by Types in 2026
-
Table Hokkaido Folding Paper Box Consumption by End-Users from 2014 to 2026
-
Table Hokkaido Folding Paper Box Consumption Share by End-Users from 2014 to 2026
-
Figure Hokkaido Folding Paper Box Consumption Share by End-Users in 2014
-
Figure Hokkaido Folding Paper Box Consumption Share by End-Users in 2018
-
Figure Hokkaido Folding Paper Box Consumption Share by End-Users in 2026
-
Table Tohoku Folding Paper Box Consumption by Types from 2014 to 2026
-
Table Tohoku Folding Paper Box Consumption Share by Types from 2014 to 2026
-
Figure Tohoku Folding Paper Box Consumption Share by Types in 2014
-
Figure Tohoku Folding Paper Box Consumption Share by Types in 2018
-
Figure Tohoku Folding Paper Box Consumption Share by Types in 2026
-
Table Tohoku Folding Paper Box Consumption by End-Users from 2014 to 2026
-
Table Tohoku Folding Paper Box Consumption Share by End-Users from 2014 to 2026
-
Figure Tohoku Folding Paper Box Consumption Share by End-Users in 2014
-
Figure Tohoku Folding Paper Box Consumption Share by End-Users in 2018
-
Figure Tohoku Folding Paper Box Consumption Share by End-Users in 2026
-
Table Kanto Folding Paper Box Consumption by Types from 2014 to 2026
-
Table Kanto Folding Paper Box Consumption Share by Types from 2014 to 2026
-
Figure Kanto Folding Paper Box Consumption Share by Types in 2014
-
Figure Kanto Folding Paper Box Consumption Share by Types in 2018
-
Figure Kanto Folding Paper Box Consumption Share by Types in 2026
-
Table Kanto Folding Paper Box Consumption by End-Users from 2014 to 2026
-
Table Kanto Folding Paper Box Consumption Share by End-Users from 2014 to 2026
-
Figure Kanto Folding Paper Box Consumption Share by End-Users in 2014
-
Figure Kanto Folding Paper Box Consumption Share by End-Users in 2018
-
Figure Kanto Folding Paper Box Consumption Share by End-Users in 2026
-
Table Chubu Folding Paper Box Consumption by Types from 2014 to 2026
-
Table Chubu Folding Paper Box Consumption Share by Types from 2014 to 2026
-
Figure Chubu Folding Paper Box Consumption Share by Types in 2014
-
Figure Chubu Folding Paper Box Consumption Share by Types in 2018
-
Figure Chubu Folding Paper Box Consumption Share by Types in 2026
-
Table Chubu Folding Paper Box Consumption by End-Users from 2014 to 2026
-
Table Chubu Folding Paper Box Consumption Share by End-Users from 2014 to 2026
-
Figure Chubu Folding Paper Box Consumption Share by End-Users in 2014
-
Figure Chubu Folding Paper Box Consumption Share by End-Users in 2018
-
Figure Chubu Folding Paper Box Consumption Share by End-Users in 2026
-
Table Kinki Folding Paper Box Consumption by Types from 2014 to 2026
-
Table Kinki Folding Paper Box Consumption Share by Types from 2014 to 2026
-
Figure Kinki Folding Paper Box Consumption Share by Types in 2014
-
Figure Kinki Folding Paper Box Consumption Share by Types in 2018
-
Figure Kinki Folding Paper Box Consumption Share by Types in 2026
-
Table Kinki Folding Paper Box Consumption by End-Users from 2014 to 2026
-
Table Kinki Folding Paper Box Consumption Share by End-Users from 2014 to 2026
-
Figure Kinki Folding Paper Box Consumption Share by End-Users in 2014
-
Figure Kinki Folding Paper Box Consumption Share by End-Users in 2018
-
Figure Kinki Folding Paper Box Consumption Share by End-Users in 2026
-
Table Chugoku Folding Paper Box Consumption by Types from 2014 to 2026
-
Table Chugoku Folding Paper Box Consumption Share by Types from 2014 to 2026
-
Figure Chugoku Folding Paper Box Consumption Share by Types in 2014
-
Figure Chugoku Folding Paper Box Consumption Share by Types in 2018
-
Figure Chugoku Folding Paper Box Consumption Share by Types in 2026
-
Table Chugoku Folding Paper Box Consumption by End-Users from 2014 to 2026
-
Table Chugoku Folding Paper Box Consumption Share by End-Users from 2014 to 2026
-
Figure Chugoku Folding Paper Box Consumption Share by End-Users in 2014
-
Figure Chugoku Folding Paper Box Consumption Share by End-Users in 2018
-
Figure Chugoku Folding Paper Box Consumption Share by End-Users in 2026
-
Table Shikoku Folding Paper Box Consumption by Types from 2014 to 2026
-
Table Shikoku Folding Paper Box Consumption Share by Types from 2014 to 2026
-
Figure Shikoku Folding Paper Box Consumption Share by Types in 2014
-
Figure Shikoku Folding Paper Box Consumption Share by Types in 2018
-
Figure Shikoku Folding Paper Box Consumption Share by Types in 2026
-
Table Shikoku Folding Paper Box Consumption by End-Users from 2014 to 2026
-
Table Shikoku Folding Paper Box Consumption Share by End-Users from 2014 to 2026
-
Figure Shikoku Folding Paper Box Consumption Share by End-Users in 2014
-
Figure Shikoku Folding Paper Box Consumption Share by End-Users in 2018
-
Figure Shikoku Folding Paper Box Consumption Share by End-Users in 2026
-
Table Kyushu Folding Paper Box Consumption by Types from 2014 to 2026
-
Table Kyushu Folding Paper Box Consumption Share by Types from 2014 to 2026
-
Figure Kyushu Folding Paper Box Consumption Share by Types in 2014
-
Figure Kyushu Folding Paper Box Consumption Share by Types in 2018
-
Figure Kyushu Folding Paper Box Consumption Share by Types in 2026
-
Table Kyushu Folding Paper Box Consumption by End-Users from 2014 to 2026
-
Table Kyushu Folding Paper Box Consumption Share by End-Users from 2014 to 2026
-
Figure Kyushu Folding Paper Box Consumption Share by End-Users in 2014
-
Figure Kyushu Folding Paper Box Consumption Share by End-Users in 2018
-
Figure Kyushu Folding Paper Box Consumption Share by End-Users in 2026
Table Company Profile and Development Status of Arkay Packaging
Table Sales, Revenue, Sales Price and Gross Margin Analysis of Arkay Packaging
Figure Sales and Growth Rate Analysis of Arkay Packaging
Figure Revenue and Market Share Analysis of Arkay Packaging
Table Product and Service Introduction of Arkay Packaging
Table Company Profile and Development Status of Graphic Packaging
Table Sales, Revenue, Sales Price and Gross Margin Analysis of Graphic Packaging
Figure Sales and Growth Rate Analysis of Graphic Packaging
Figure Revenue and Market Share Analysis of Graphic Packaging
Table Product and Service Introduction of Graphic Packaging
Table Company Profile and Development Status of Colorpack
Table Sales, Revenue, Sales Price and Gross Margin Analysis of Colorpack
Figure Sales and Growth Rate Analysis of Colorpack
Figure Revenue and Market Share Analysis of Colorpack
Table Product and Service Introduction of Colorpack
Table Company Profile and Development Status of Midlands Packaging
Table Sales, Revenue, Sales Price and Gross Margin Analysis of Midlands Packaging
Figure Sales and Growth Rate Analysis of Midlands Packaging
Figure Revenue and Market Share Analysis of Midlands Packaging
Table Product and Service Introduction of Midlands Packaging
Table Company Profile and Development Status of Craftsman Packaging
Table Sales, Revenue, Sales Price and Gross Margin Analysis of Craftsman Packaging
Figure Sales and Growth Rate Analysis of Craftsman Packaging
Figure Revenue and Market Share Analysis of Craftsman Packaging
Table Product and Service Introduction of Craftsman Packaging
Table Company Profile and Development Status of Mayr-Melnhof Karton
Table Sales, Revenue, Sales Price and Gross Margin Analysis of Mayr-Melnhof Karton
Figure Sales and Growth Rate Analysis of Mayr-Melnhof Karton
Figure Revenue and Market Share Analysis of Mayr-Melnhof Karton
Table Product and Service Introduction of Mayr-Melnhof Karton
Table Company Profile and Development Status of MeadWestvaco
Table Sales, Revenue, Sales Price and Gross Margin Analysis of MeadWestvaco
Figure Sales and Growth Rate Analysis of MeadWestvaco
Figure Revenue and Market Share Analysis of MeadWestvaco
Table Product and Service Introduction of MeadWestvaco
Table Company Profile and Development Status of Bell
Table Sales, Revenue, Sales Price and Gross Margin Analysis of Bell
Figure Sales and Growth Rate Analysis of Bell
Figure Revenue and Market Share Analysis of Bell
Table Product and Service Introduction of Bell
Table Company Profile and Development Status of Belmark
Table Sales, Revenue, Sales Price and Gross Margin Analysis of Belmark
Figure Sales and Growth Rate Analysis of Belmark
Figure Revenue and Market Share Analysis of Belmark
Table Product and Service Introduction of Belmark
Table Company Profile and Development Status of All Packaging
Table Sales, Revenue, Sales Price and Gross Margin Analysis of All Packaging
Figure Sales and Growth Rate Analysis of All Packaging
Figure Revenue and Market Share Analysis of All Packaging
Table Product and Service Introduction of All Packaging
Table Company Profile and Development Status of RockTenn
Table Sales, Revenue, Sales Price and Gross Margin Analysis of RockTenn
Figure Sales and Growth Rate Analysis of RockTenn
Figure Revenue and Market Share Analysis of RockTenn
Table Product and Service Introduction of RockTenn
Table Company Profile and Development Status of Sonoco
Table Sales, Revenue, Sales Price and Gross Margin Analysis of Sonoco
Figure Sales and Growth Rate Analysis of Sonoco
Figure Revenue and Market Share Analysis of Sonoco
Table Product and Service Introduction of Sonoco
Table Company Profile and Development Status of Caraustar
Table Sales, Revenue, Sales Price and Gross Margin Analysis of Caraustar
Figure Sales and Growth Rate Analysis of Caraustar
Figure Revenue and Market Share Analysis of Caraustar
Table Product and Service Introduction of Caraustar
Table Company Profile and Development Status of Amcor
Table Sales, Revenue, Sales Price and Gross Margin Analysis of Amcor
Figure Sales and Growth Rate Analysis of Amcor
Figure Revenue and Market Share Analysis of Amcor
Table Product and Service Introduction of Amcor
Table Company Profile and Development Status of Atlas Holding
Table Sales, Revenue, Sales Price and Gross Margin Analysis of Atlas Holding
Figure Sales and Growth Rate Analysis of Atlas Holding
Figure Revenue and Market Share Analysis of Atlas Holding
Table Product and Service Introduction of Atlas Holding
Table Company Profile and Development Status of Smurfit Kappa
Table Sales, Revenue, Sales Price and Gross Margin Analysis of Smurfit Kappa
Figure Sales and Growth Rate Analysis of Smurfit Kappa
Figure Revenue and Market Share Analysis of Smurfit Kappa
Table Product and Service Introduction of Smurfit Kappa
Table Company Profile and Development Status of Artistic Carton
Table Sales, Revenue, Sales Price and Gross Margin Analysis of Artistic Carton
Figure Sales and Growth Rate Analysis of Artistic Carton
Figure Revenue and Market Share Analysis of Artistic Carton
Table Product and Service Introduction of Artistic Carton
-