- REPORT SUMMARY
- TABLE OF CONTENTS
-
This report offers an overview of the market trends, drivers, and barriers with respect to the Japan Tea Tree Essential Oil market. It also provides a detailed overview of the market of different regions across Hokkaido, Tohoku, Kanto, Chubu, Kinki, Chugoku, Shikoku, Kyushu. The report deep analyzes type and application in Japan Tea Tree Essential Oil market. Detailed analysis of key players, along with key growth strategies adopted by Tea Tree Essential Oil industry, the PEST and SWOT analysis are also included. In short, the report will provide a comprehensive view of the industry's development and features.
By Player:
Bontoux S.A
AOS
Azelis UK Life Sciences
ATTIA Ltd
Paras Perfumers
Charkit Chemical Corporation
Kanta Group
Health and Beauty Natural Oils
The Australian Essential Oil
Ausoil
Augustus Oils Ltd
Albert Vieille SAS
Advanced Biotech. Inc.
By Type:
Pure Essential Oil
Compound Essential Oil
By End-User:
Skin Care
Medical
Others
By Region:
-
Hokkaido
-
Tohoku
-
Kanto
-
Chubu
-
Kinki
-
Chugoku
-
Shikoku
-
Kyushu
1 Report Overview
-
1.1 Product Definition and Scope
-
1.2 PEST (Political, Economic, Social and Technological) Analysis of Tea Tree Essential Oil Market
-
1.3 Market Segment by Type
1.3.1 Japan Tea Tree Essential Oil Market Size and Growth Rate of Pure Essential Oil from 2014 to 2026
1.3.2 Japan Tea Tree Essential Oil Market Size and Growth Rate of Compound Essential Oil from 2014 to 2026
-
1.4 Market Segment by Application
1.4.1 Japan Tea Tree Essential Oil Market Size and Growth Rate of Skin Care from 2014 to 2026
1.4.2 Japan Tea Tree Essential Oil Market Size and Growth Rate of Medical from 2014 to 2026
1.4.3 Japan Tea Tree Essential Oil Market Size and Growth Rate of Others from 2014 to 2026
-
1.5 Market Segment by Regions
-
1.5.1 Hokkaido Tea Tree Essential Oil Consumption Market Size and Growth Rate from 2014 to 2026
-
1.5.2 Tohoku Tea Tree Essential Oil Consumption Market Size and Growth Rate from 2014 to 2026
-
1.5.3 Kanto Tea Tree Essential Oil Consumption Market Size and Growth Rate from 2014 to 2026
-
1.5.4 Chubu Tea Tree Essential Oil Consumption Market Size and Growth Rate from 2014 to 2026
-
1.5.5 Kinki Tea Tree Essential Oil Consumption Market Size and Growth Rate from 2014 to 2026
-
1.5.6 Chugoku Tea Tree Essential Oil Consumption Market Size and Growth Rate from 2014 to 2026
-
1.5.7 Shikoku Tea Tree Essential Oil Consumption Market Size and Growth Rate from 2014 to 2026
-
1.5.8 Kyushu Tea Tree Essential Oil Consumption Market Size and Growth Rate from 2014 to 2026
2 Market Trends and Competitive Landscape
-
2.1 Market Trends and Dynamics
-
2.1.1 Market Challenges and Restraints
-
2.1.2 Market Opportunities and Potentials
-
2.1.3 Mergers and Acquisitions
-
2.2 Competitive Landscape Analysis
-
2.2.1 Industrial Concentration Analysis
-
2.2.2 Porter's Five Forces Analysis of the Industry
-
2.2.3 SWOT Analysis for New Entrants
3 Segmentation of Tea Tree Essential Oil Market by Types
-
3.1 Products Development Trends of Different Types
-
3.2 Commercial Products Types of Major Vendors
-
3.3 Competitive Landscape Analysis of Different Types
-
3.4 Market Size of Tea Tree Essential Oil by Major Types
3.4.1 Market Size and Growth Rate of Pure Essential Oil
3.4.2 Market Size and Growth Rate of Compound Essential Oil
4 Segmentation of Tea Tree Essential Oil Market by End-Users
-
4.1 Downstream Client Analysis by End-Users
-
4.2 Competitive Landscape Analysis of Different End-Users
-
4.3 Market Potential Analysis of Different End-Users
-
4.4 Market Size of Tea Tree Essential Oil by Major End-Users
4.4.1 Market Size and Growth Rate of Tea Tree Essential Oil in Skin Care
4.4.2 Market Size and Growth Rate of Tea Tree Essential Oil in Medical
4.4.3 Market Size and Growth Rate of Tea Tree Essential Oil in Others
5 Market Analysis by Regions
-
5.1 Japan Tea Tree Essential Oil Production Analysis by Regions
-
5.2 Japan Tea Tree Essential Oil Consumption Analysis by Regions
6 Hokkaido Tea Tree Essential Oil Landscape Analysis
-
6.1 Hokkaido Tea Tree Essential Oil Landscape Analysis by Major Types
-
6.2 Hokkaido Tea Tree Essential Oil Landscape Analysis by Major End-Users
7 Tohoku Tea Tree Essential Oil Landscape Analysis
-
7.1 Tohoku Tea Tree Essential Oil Landscape Analysis by Major Types
-
7.2 Tohoku Tea Tree Essential Oil Landscape Analysis by Major End-Users
8 Kanto Tea Tree Essential Oil Landscape Analysis
-
8.1 Kanto Tea Tree Essential Oil Landscape Analysis by Major Types
-
8.2 Kanto Tea Tree Essential Oil Landscape Analysis by Major End-Users
9 Chubu Tea Tree Essential Oil Landscape Analysis
-
9.1 Chubu Tea Tree Essential Oil Landscape Analysis by Major Types
-
9.2 Chubu Tea Tree Essential Oil Landscape Analysis by Major End-Users
10 Kinki Tea Tree Essential Oil Landscape Analysis
-
10.1 Kinki Tea Tree Essential Oil Landscape Analysis by Major Types
-
10.2 Kinki Tea Tree Essential Oil Landscape Analysis by Major End-Users
11 Chugoku Tea Tree Essential Oil Landscape Analysis
-
11.1 Chugoku Tea Tree Essential Oil Landscape Analysis by Major Types
-
11.2 Chugoku Tea Tree Essential Oil Landscape Analysis by Major End-Users
12 Shikoku Tea Tree Essential Oil Landscape Analysis
-
12.1 Shikoku Tea Tree Essential Oil Landscape Analysis by Major Types
-
12.2 Shikoku Tea Tree Essential Oil Landscape Analysis by Major End-Users
13 Kyushu Tea Tree Essential Oil Landscape Analysis
-
13.1 Kyushu Tea Tree Essential Oil Landscape Analysis by Major Types
-
13.2 Kyushu Tea Tree Essential Oil Landscape Analysis by Major End-Users
14 Major Players Profiles
14.1 Bontoux S.A
14.1.1 Bontoux S.A Company Profile and Recent Development
14.1.2 Market Performance
14.1.3 Product and Service Introduction
14.2 AOS
14.2.1 AOS Company Profile and Recent Development
14.2.2 Market Performance
14.2.3 Product and Service Introduction
14.3 Azelis UK Life Sciences
14.3.1 Azelis UK Life Sciences Company Profile and Recent Development
14.3.2 Market Performance
14.3.3 Product and Service Introduction
14.4 ATTIA Ltd
14.4.1 ATTIA Ltd Company Profile and Recent Development
14.4.2 Market Performance
14.4.3 Product and Service Introduction
14.5 Paras Perfumers
14.5.1 Paras Perfumers Company Profile and Recent Development
14.5.2 Market Performance
14.5.3 Product and Service Introduction
14.6 Charkit Chemical Corporation
14.6.1 Charkit Chemical Corporation Company Profile and Recent Development
14.6.2 Market Performance
14.6.3 Product and Service Introduction
14.7 Kanta Group
14.7.1 Kanta Group Company Profile and Recent Development
14.7.2 Market Performance
14.7.3 Product and Service Introduction
14.8 Health and Beauty Natural Oils
14.8.1 Health and Beauty Natural Oils Company Profile and Recent Development
14.8.2 Market Performance
14.8.3 Product and Service Introduction
14.9 The Australian Essential Oil
14.9.1 The Australian Essential Oil Company Profile and Recent Development
14.9.2 Market Performance
14.9.3 Product and Service Introduction
14.10 Ausoil
14.10.1 Ausoil Company Profile and Recent Development
14.10.2 Market Performance
14.10.3 Product and Service Introduction
14.11 Augustus Oils Ltd
14.11.1 Augustus Oils Ltd Company Profile and Recent Development
14.11.2 Market Performance
14.11.3 Product and Service Introduction
14.12 Albert Vieille SAS
14.12.1 Albert Vieille SAS Company Profile and Recent Development
14.12.2 Market Performance
14.12.3 Product and Service Introduction
14.13 Advanced Biotech. Inc.
14.13.1 Advanced Biotech. Inc. Company Profile and Recent Development
14.13.2 Market Performance
14.13.3 Product and Service Introduction
The List of Tables and Figures (Totals 123 Figures and 173 Tables)
Figure Japan Tea Tree Essential Oil Market Size and Growth Rate of Pure Essential Oil from 2014 to 2026
Figure Japan Tea Tree Essential Oil Market Size and Growth Rate of Compound Essential Oil from 2014 to 2026
-
Figure Market Share by Type in 2014
-
Figure Market Share by Type in 2018
-
Figure Market Share by Type in 2026
Figure Japan Tea Tree Essential Oil Market Size and Growth Rate of Skin Care from 2014 to 2026
Figure Japan Tea Tree Essential Oil Market Size and Growth Rate of Medical from 2014 to 2026
Figure Japan Tea Tree Essential Oil Market Size and Growth Rate of Others from 2014 to 2026
-
Figure Market Share by End-User in 2014
-
Figure Market Share by End-User in 2018
-
Figure Market Share by End-User in 2026
-
Figure Hokkaido Tea Tree Essential Oil Consumption Market Size and Growth Rate from 2014 to 2026
-
Figure Tohoku Tea Tree Essential Oil Consumption Market Size and Growth Rate from 2014 to 2026
-
Figure Kanto Tea Tree Essential Oil Consumption Market Size and Growth Rate from 2014 to 2026
-
Figure Chubu Tea Tree Essential Oil Consumption Market Size and Growth Rate from 2014 to 2026
-
Figure Kinki Tea Tree Essential Oil Consumption Market Size and Growth Rate from 2014 to 2026
-
Figure Chugoku Tea Tree Essential Oil Consumption Market Size and Growth Rate from 2014 to 2026
-
Figure Shikoku Tea Tree Essential Oil Consumption Market Size and Growth Rate from 2014 to 2026
-
Figure Kyushu Tea Tree Essential Oil Consumption Market Size and Growth Rate from 2014 to 2026
-
Figure Development Trends and Industry Dynamics of Tea Tree Essential Oil Industry
-
Figure Market Challenges and Restraints
-
Figure Market Opportunities and Potentials
-
Table Mergers and Acquisition
-
Figure Market Share of TOP 3 Players in 2018
-
Figure Market Share of TOP 5 Players in 2018
-
Figure Market Share of TOP 6 Players from 2014 to 2019
-
Figure Porter's Five Forces Analysis
-
Figure New Entrant SWOT Analysis
-
Table Specifications of Different Types of Tea Tree Essential Oil
-
Figure Development Trends of Different Types
-
Table Commercial Products Types of Major Vendors
-
Figure Competitive Landscape Analysis of Different Types
-
Table Consumption of Tea Tree Essential Oil by Different Types from 2014 to 2026
-
Table Consumption Share of Tea Tree Essential Oil by Different Types from 2014 to 2026
Figure Market Size and Growth Rate of Pure Essential Oil
Figure Market Size and Growth Rate of Compound Essential Oil
-
Table Downstream Client Analysis by End-Users
-
Figure Competitive Landscape Analysis of Different End-Users
-
Table Market Potential Analysis of Different End-Users
-
Table Consumption of Tea Tree Essential Oil by Different End-Users from 2014 to 2026
-
Table Consumption Share of Tea Tree Essential Oil by Different End-Users from 2014 to 2026
Figure Japan Tea Tree Essential Oil Market Size and Growth Rate of Skin Care from 2014 to 2026
Figure Japan Tea Tree Essential Oil Market Size and Growth Rate of Medical from 2014 to 2026
Figure Japan Tea Tree Essential Oil Market Size and Growth Rate of Others from 2014 to 2026
-
Table Japan Tea Tree Essential Oil Production by Regions
-
Table Japan Tea Tree Essential Oil Production Share by Regions
-
Figure Japan Tea Tree Essential Oil Production Share by Regions in 2014
-
Figure Japan Tea Tree Essential Oil Production Share by Regions in 2018
-
Figure Japan Tea Tree Essential Oil Production Share by Regions in 2026
-
Table Japan Tea Tree Essential Oil Consumption by Regions
-
Table Japan Tea Tree Essential Oil Consumption Share by Regions
-
Figure Japan Tea Tree Essential Oil Consumption Share by Regions in 2014
-
Figure Japan Tea Tree Essential Oil Consumption Share by Regions in 2018
-
Figure Japan Tea Tree Essential Oil Consumption Share by Regions in 2026
-
Table Hokkaido Tea Tree Essential Oil Consumption by Types from 2014 to 2026
-
Table Hokkaido Tea Tree Essential Oil Consumption Share by Types from 2014 to 2026
-
Figure Hokkaido Tea Tree Essential Oil Consumption Share by Types in 2014
-
Figure Hokkaido Tea Tree Essential Oil Consumption Share by Types in 2018
-
Figure Hokkaido Tea Tree Essential Oil Consumption Share by Types in 2026
-
Table Hokkaido Tea Tree Essential Oil Consumption by End-Users from 2014 to 2026
-
Table Hokkaido Tea Tree Essential Oil Consumption Share by End-Users from 2014 to 2026
-
Figure Hokkaido Tea Tree Essential Oil Consumption Share by End-Users in 2014
-
Figure Hokkaido Tea Tree Essential Oil Consumption Share by End-Users in 2018
-
Figure Hokkaido Tea Tree Essential Oil Consumption Share by End-Users in 2026
-
Table Tohoku Tea Tree Essential Oil Consumption by Types from 2014 to 2026
-
Table Tohoku Tea Tree Essential Oil Consumption Share by Types from 2014 to 2026
-
Figure Tohoku Tea Tree Essential Oil Consumption Share by Types in 2014
-
Figure Tohoku Tea Tree Essential Oil Consumption Share by Types in 2018
-
Figure Tohoku Tea Tree Essential Oil Consumption Share by Types in 2026
-
Table Tohoku Tea Tree Essential Oil Consumption by End-Users from 2014 to 2026
-
Table Tohoku Tea Tree Essential Oil Consumption Share by End-Users from 2014 to 2026
-
Figure Tohoku Tea Tree Essential Oil Consumption Share by End-Users in 2014
-
Figure Tohoku Tea Tree Essential Oil Consumption Share by End-Users in 2018
-
Figure Tohoku Tea Tree Essential Oil Consumption Share by End-Users in 2026
-
Table Kanto Tea Tree Essential Oil Consumption by Types from 2014 to 2026
-
Table Kanto Tea Tree Essential Oil Consumption Share by Types from 2014 to 2026
-
Figure Kanto Tea Tree Essential Oil Consumption Share by Types in 2014
-
Figure Kanto Tea Tree Essential Oil Consumption Share by Types in 2018
-
Figure Kanto Tea Tree Essential Oil Consumption Share by Types in 2026
-
Table Kanto Tea Tree Essential Oil Consumption by End-Users from 2014 to 2026
-
Table Kanto Tea Tree Essential Oil Consumption Share by End-Users from 2014 to 2026
-
Figure Kanto Tea Tree Essential Oil Consumption Share by End-Users in 2014
-
Figure Kanto Tea Tree Essential Oil Consumption Share by End-Users in 2018
-
Figure Kanto Tea Tree Essential Oil Consumption Share by End-Users in 2026
-
Table Chubu Tea Tree Essential Oil Consumption by Types from 2014 to 2026
-
Table Chubu Tea Tree Essential Oil Consumption Share by Types from 2014 to 2026
-
Figure Chubu Tea Tree Essential Oil Consumption Share by Types in 2014
-
Figure Chubu Tea Tree Essential Oil Consumption Share by Types in 2018
-
Figure Chubu Tea Tree Essential Oil Consumption Share by Types in 2026
-
Table Chubu Tea Tree Essential Oil Consumption by End-Users from 2014 to 2026
-
Table Chubu Tea Tree Essential Oil Consumption Share by End-Users from 2014 to 2026
-
Figure Chubu Tea Tree Essential Oil Consumption Share by End-Users in 2014
-
Figure Chubu Tea Tree Essential Oil Consumption Share by End-Users in 2018
-
Figure Chubu Tea Tree Essential Oil Consumption Share by End-Users in 2026
-
Table Kinki Tea Tree Essential Oil Consumption by Types from 2014 to 2026
-
Table Kinki Tea Tree Essential Oil Consumption Share by Types from 2014 to 2026
-
Figure Kinki Tea Tree Essential Oil Consumption Share by Types in 2014
-
Figure Kinki Tea Tree Essential Oil Consumption Share by Types in 2018
-
Figure Kinki Tea Tree Essential Oil Consumption Share by Types in 2026
-
Table Kinki Tea Tree Essential Oil Consumption by End-Users from 2014 to 2026
-
Table Kinki Tea Tree Essential Oil Consumption Share by End-Users from 2014 to 2026
-
Figure Kinki Tea Tree Essential Oil Consumption Share by End-Users in 2014
-
Figure Kinki Tea Tree Essential Oil Consumption Share by End-Users in 2018
-
Figure Kinki Tea Tree Essential Oil Consumption Share by End-Users in 2026
-
Table Chugoku Tea Tree Essential Oil Consumption by Types from 2014 to 2026
-
Table Chugoku Tea Tree Essential Oil Consumption Share by Types from 2014 to 2026
-
Figure Chugoku Tea Tree Essential Oil Consumption Share by Types in 2014
-
Figure Chugoku Tea Tree Essential Oil Consumption Share by Types in 2018
-
Figure Chugoku Tea Tree Essential Oil Consumption Share by Types in 2026
-
Table Chugoku Tea Tree Essential Oil Consumption by End-Users from 2014 to 2026
-
Table Chugoku Tea Tree Essential Oil Consumption Share by End-Users from 2014 to 2026
-
Figure Chugoku Tea Tree Essential Oil Consumption Share by End-Users in 2014
-
Figure Chugoku Tea Tree Essential Oil Consumption Share by End-Users in 2018
-
Figure Chugoku Tea Tree Essential Oil Consumption Share by End-Users in 2026
-
Table Shikoku Tea Tree Essential Oil Consumption by Types from 2014 to 2026
-
Table Shikoku Tea Tree Essential Oil Consumption Share by Types from 2014 to 2026
-
Figure Shikoku Tea Tree Essential Oil Consumption Share by Types in 2014
-
Figure Shikoku Tea Tree Essential Oil Consumption Share by Types in 2018
-
Figure Shikoku Tea Tree Essential Oil Consumption Share by Types in 2026
-
Table Shikoku Tea Tree Essential Oil Consumption by End-Users from 2014 to 2026
-
Table Shikoku Tea Tree Essential Oil Consumption Share by End-Users from 2014 to 2026
-
Figure Shikoku Tea Tree Essential Oil Consumption Share by End-Users in 2014
-
Figure Shikoku Tea Tree Essential Oil Consumption Share by End-Users in 2018
-
Figure Shikoku Tea Tree Essential Oil Consumption Share by End-Users in 2026
-
Table Kyushu Tea Tree Essential Oil Consumption by Types from 2014 to 2026
-
Table Kyushu Tea Tree Essential Oil Consumption Share by Types from 2014 to 2026
-
Figure Kyushu Tea Tree Essential Oil Consumption Share by Types in 2014
-
Figure Kyushu Tea Tree Essential Oil Consumption Share by Types in 2018
-
Figure Kyushu Tea Tree Essential Oil Consumption Share by Types in 2026
-
Table Kyushu Tea Tree Essential Oil Consumption by End-Users from 2014 to 2026
-
Table Kyushu Tea Tree Essential Oil Consumption Share by End-Users from 2014 to 2026
-
Figure Kyushu Tea Tree Essential Oil Consumption Share by End-Users in 2014
-
Figure Kyushu Tea Tree Essential Oil Consumption Share by End-Users in 2018
-
Figure Kyushu Tea Tree Essential Oil Consumption Share by End-Users in 2026
Table Company Profile and Development Status of Bontoux S.A
Table Sales, Revenue, Sales Price and Gross Margin Analysis of Bontoux S.A
Figure Sales and Growth Rate Analysis of Bontoux S.A
Figure Revenue and Market Share Analysis of Bontoux S.A
Table Product and Service Introduction of Bontoux S.A
Table Company Profile and Development Status of AOS
Table Sales, Revenue, Sales Price and Gross Margin Analysis of AOS
Figure Sales and Growth Rate Analysis of AOS
Figure Revenue and Market Share Analysis of AOS
Table Product and Service Introduction of AOS
Table Company Profile and Development Status of Azelis UK Life Sciences
Table Sales, Revenue, Sales Price and Gross Margin Analysis of Azelis UK Life Sciences
Figure Sales and Growth Rate Analysis of Azelis UK Life Sciences
Figure Revenue and Market Share Analysis of Azelis UK Life Sciences
Table Product and Service Introduction of Azelis UK Life Sciences
Table Company Profile and Development Status of ATTIA Ltd
Table Sales, Revenue, Sales Price and Gross Margin Analysis of ATTIA Ltd
Figure Sales and Growth Rate Analysis of ATTIA Ltd
Figure Revenue and Market Share Analysis of ATTIA Ltd
Table Product and Service Introduction of ATTIA Ltd
Table Company Profile and Development Status of Paras Perfumers
Table Sales, Revenue, Sales Price and Gross Margin Analysis of Paras Perfumers
Figure Sales and Growth Rate Analysis of Paras Perfumers
Figure Revenue and Market Share Analysis of Paras Perfumers
Table Product and Service Introduction of Paras Perfumers
Table Company Profile and Development Status of Charkit Chemical Corporation
Table Sales, Revenue, Sales Price and Gross Margin Analysis of Charkit Chemical Corporation
Figure Sales and Growth Rate Analysis of Charkit Chemical Corporation
Figure Revenue and Market Share Analysis of Charkit Chemical Corporation
Table Product and Service Introduction of Charkit Chemical Corporation
Table Company Profile and Development Status of Kanta Group
Table Sales, Revenue, Sales Price and Gross Margin Analysis of Kanta Group
Figure Sales and Growth Rate Analysis of Kanta Group
Figure Revenue and Market Share Analysis of Kanta Group
Table Product and Service Introduction of Kanta Group
Table Company Profile and Development Status of Health and Beauty Natural Oils
Table Sales, Revenue, Sales Price and Gross Margin Analysis of Health and Beauty Natural Oils
Figure Sales and Growth Rate Analysis of Health and Beauty Natural Oils
Figure Revenue and Market Share Analysis of Health and Beauty Natural Oils
Table Product and Service Introduction of Health and Beauty Natural Oils
Table Company Profile and Development Status of The Australian Essential Oil
Table Sales, Revenue, Sales Price and Gross Margin Analysis of The Australian Essential Oil
Figure Sales and Growth Rate Analysis of The Australian Essential Oil
Figure Revenue and Market Share Analysis of The Australian Essential Oil
Table Product and Service Introduction of The Australian Essential Oil
Table Company Profile and Development Status of Ausoil
Table Sales, Revenue, Sales Price and Gross Margin Analysis of Ausoil
Figure Sales and Growth Rate Analysis of Ausoil
Figure Revenue and Market Share Analysis of Ausoil
Table Product and Service Introduction of Ausoil
Table Company Profile and Development Status of Augustus Oils Ltd
Table Sales, Revenue, Sales Price and Gross Margin Analysis of Augustus Oils Ltd
Figure Sales and Growth Rate Analysis of Augustus Oils Ltd
Figure Revenue and Market Share Analysis of Augustus Oils Ltd
Table Product and Service Introduction of Augustus Oils Ltd
Table Company Profile and Development Status of Albert Vieille SAS
Table Sales, Revenue, Sales Price and Gross Margin Analysis of Albert Vieille SAS
Figure Sales and Growth Rate Analysis of Albert Vieille SAS
Figure Revenue and Market Share Analysis of Albert Vieille SAS
Table Product and Service Introduction of Albert Vieille SAS
Table Company Profile and Development Status of Advanced Biotech. Inc.
Table Sales, Revenue, Sales Price and Gross Margin Analysis of Advanced Biotech. Inc.
Figure Sales and Growth Rate Analysis of Advanced Biotech. Inc.
Figure Revenue and Market Share Analysis of Advanced Biotech. Inc.
Table Product and Service Introduction of Advanced Biotech. Inc.
-